Evaluation Review Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation Review Paper - Essay Example My personality has also changed as I was much introvert and isolated, but when I was required to deal with many people on daily basis, I attained confidence and way of interacting successfully with people. If I check the role of journaling in my progress professionally as well as personally, I consider it quite beneficial. I was to input my experiences and my feelings regarding my work and these narratives helped me to analyze my performance at work and to bring in improvements. Sometimes, I felt weird while dealing with my clients because I was not able to meet their demands, but later on, I learned to control my behavior and temper in order to facilitate them with what they wanted. When I started working in WHW, I had a different personality. As I have mentioned earlier on, I was very shy, introvert and confused, but after learning to work in an organizational setting, I saw improvement in my professional as well as personal personality. I am quite different from what I was before. When I used to see clothes and show the clients, what they needed as a personal shopper, I felt quite weird and confused and I easily lost my temper. However, with the passage of time and learning, I was much better in dealing with the clients without losing my temper. I spent hours and hours with them to show them what they needed. I learned a lot to work as a personal shopper. I marveled in my work to assist people who were in need of help. However, sometimes, I was also worried and disturbed when I was overloaded with additional work. The process of field seminar was beneficial. Initially, I was afraid of having a collaborative experience and in corresponding and interacting with different people, but when I started the process of corresponding with other people, it appeared quite interesting. I used to help my companion interns and we helped each other in our

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child Labour Essay Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. Around the world growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers. Some social scientists point out that some kinds of work may be completely unobjectionable — except for one thing about the work that makes it exploitative. For instance, a child who delivers newspapers before school might actually benefit from learning how to work, gaining responsibility, and a bit of money. But what if the child is not paid? Then he or she is being exploited. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between acceptable and unacceptable work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between cceptable and unacceptable work. In 2000, the ILO estimates, 246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labour, of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous to their safety, physical or mental health, and moral development. Moreover, some 8. 4 million children were engaged in so-called unconditional worst forms of child labour, which include forced and bonded labour, the use of children in armed confl ict, trafficking in children and commercial sexual exploitation.

Benefits of Evidence Based Healthcare Practice

Benefits of Evidence Based Healthcare Practice Evidence based practice refers to clinical practices that include best available scientific evidence (Levin and Feldman, 2006) based from expert opinion, clinical guidelines and findings from researches, combined with good clinician judgement and client’s preferences (Kim and Mallory, 2011) on issues relating to healthcare. The whole essence is to ensure the best care for patients and to be able to explain why certain clinical interventions are applied. This piece of work will briefly outline the importance of evidence based practice before analysing four pieces of evidence in the care of a stroke patient, Omar Banerjee, and its usefulness other users. Oman et al (2003) states that evidence based practice started to be appreciated and recommended by the National Health Services (NHS) in the UK in the early 1990s. The reason was to have effective and less costly interventions while providing high quality healthcare system. The intervention should be based on best available evidence and provided in the best interest of the patient such as Omar in this analysis. In addition, when a particular intervention is used on a client, evidence is required to back up that particular action (Kim and Mallory, 2011). In the UK this support can come from the NICE guidelines, Care Quality Commission and the codes and practices of professional bodies like Nursing and Midwifery Council. Evidence based practice ensures accountability. Aveyard and Sharp (2013) noted that professional health carers who belong to various professional organisations are expected to comply with their standards, codes and policies. This will be enabling them to justify their actions if required to do so. The first analysis of Omar’s condition is based on Cross (2008)’s evidence on stroke care. This evidence was obtained from the UWE blackboard website. I have chosen this article because it has statistical information helpful to Omar and his carers. It identifies important areas of his care needs and why stroke research should continue to be an on-going process. Sander (2013) defined stroke as a disease caused by the disturbance of the flow of blood in blood vessels in the brain which could have been necessitated by a bursting blood vessel or blood clot. Omar’s stroke was caused by a blood clot in the brain. Stroke has become a big problem and the second main cause of death and disability in developed economies after heart related diseases (Cross, 2008). Sander (2013) emphasises out that stroke is affecting about 150, 000 people in the UK yearly. However, the article reports a decline in deaths because of improvements in stroke care, management and awareness. More resources have been put towards short to long term care of stroke patients such as admission to acute stroke units and to rehabilitation areas (Cross, 2008). The report says this evidence, among others, is being used to develop new stroke treatments and guidelines in the UK. NICE (2008) which provides tools and quick reference guide to stroke related cases could have emerged as a result of this. These developments may give hope to Omar and his distressed family. The article cited two evidence of good practice from two hospitals. It is reported that the stroke management team at Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust assess stroke patients on admission to the AE, take brain scans and admit relevant patients to a stroke unit within 24 hours. The other evidence is from Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust where patients have brain scans, swallow screens and initial dose of aspirin given to relevant patients. These practices are recommended by NICE (2008) guidelines and may reduce further risks to patients. Omar received these interventions. This shows the strength of this article to Omar’s case and how early intervention may result in positive outcome. Although the article stressed the need for nurses to continuously monitor patients during the early stages of stroke on certain variables, it did not provide guidelines to back up the checks. Locally agreed hospital policies suggested may not meet NICE standards. Despite the improvements noted in the research, caution should be taken when making decisions based on the findings. These are 2008 findings and a lot has happened since then. Omar may be interested in hearing recent studies such as that of Sander (2013) who points out that in addition to the swallow screen stroke patients should further be screened for malnutrition using Malnutrition Universal screening Tool (MUST) in line with the NICE (2008) guidelines. The second analysis of Omar’s care is based on a qualitative study of Tutton et al (2012) on ten staff and ten patients’ views on the concept of hope on a British stroke unit. The evidence was obtained from EBSCO via CINAHL database and UWE library section. I chose this evidence because CINAHL is considered as one the good sources of evidence (Levin and Feldman, 2006) and the concept may be useful to Omar to learn other patients’ experiences in a similar hospital setting. The aim and key search terms in the article relate well to Omar’s case. Hope is defined as getting better from illness and being able to do things as before (Tutton et al, 2011). This was echoed by some of the patients in the study. An in depth analysis of key terms and the codes used in qualitative study (Aveyard and Sharp, 2013) may help carers to understand how it feel to have a stroke. Omar and his family may share the same thoughts as they are finding it hard to come to terms with sudden change of things in their family. Despite taking long time on data collection and variations in stroke severity Omar may be encouraged to learn that some patients took less than a week in hospital. This result is echoed by Arnaert et al (2006) in a similar study based on ten patients in Canada. They reported that some clients were hoping for a quick recovery and self-healing. The article is good evidence as it stated what is already known about this topic and nursing implications. These aspects are echoed by Arnaert et al (2006) but Tutton et al (2011) further identify what the paper has added such as the multidisciplinary team involvement in caring for stroke patients to make hope a realistic thing. Although the article mentioned that consent was obtained from both participants, there are still some ethical issues in the article. Some of patients’ names are mentioned in the article. This is confidential information and Omar may find himself in a similar situation. Furthermore, relatives and carers of patients were not interviewed in the study. It may be necessary to hear their views as well especially after learning from Preeti how she was struggling to come to terms with Omar’s condition. Her understanding of hope would improve our knowledge on this aspect. It is generally accepted that qualitative evidence is ranked second from the bottom in the hierarch of evidence (Polit and Beck, 2012) and uses a small sample size for the purpose of in-depth analysis of topic under consideration (Aveyard and Sharp, 2013). Although a large sample size may be costly and time consuming, caution must be taken when making inferences on large population size like 150, 000 patients mentioned earlier. A third analysis of Omar’s care considers service audit and evaluation evidence from Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) (2013). It is a national audit on stroke patients admitted to hospital in the first three months of 2013. The research looks at the processes of care at early stages of stroke (72 hours) from hospital arrival. I have chosen this evidence because SSNAP is a nationally recognised organisation and works with other organisations in stroke related cases. Its recent results obtainable through Google, SSNAP Audit Report (2012) and Royal College of Physicians links have strong implications on Omar’s condition. SSNAP (2013) results show the importance of using guidelines in any intervention involving stroke cases. There is strong evidence in the article that stroke patients were immediately taken for brain scans and admitted to the stroke units, as in the case of Omar, upon arriving hospital. This is in line with NICE (2008) guidelines. Most of the trusts were able to meet this standard. However, it is worrying to learn that there is a lower chance of having scan during the weekend and night times, the time of the week when Omar experienced the stroke. NICE (2012) guidelines stipulate that people who have had TIA should have first dose aspirin upon initial assessment. Although Omar received one, the outcome in the report is not very pleasing. It is clear from the research that this standard was not met by all trust as there are huge variations. The research was only focused on 72 hours upon hospital arrival. It may benefit the public and give confidence to Omar if the care he received from the ambulance crew were up to standards. NICE (2012) guidelines require people suspected to have had stroke to be screened using a FAST tool. There are no statistics regarding this in the article as the research excluded time before hospital arrival and the rehabilitation. This information may enlighten the public the importance of early intervention in stroke care. This evidence is not peer reviewed and the way data was collected is of concern. Because the SSNAP is a single source of data nationally (Paley et al, 2013) and an online web-tool was used to gather information one may wonder whether variations in results may appear if a different organisation undertakes the same research. Caution should be applied when interpreting this data. The audit results stress the importance of early intervention by multidisciplinary stroke team in the care of stroke patients. However, there are some areas that require attention if the all standards are to be fully met. The final analysis of Omar’s care is based on quantitative study by Beavan et al (2010) on whether looped nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding improves nutritional delivery to acute stoke patients with dysphagia. The evidence was obtained from UWE blackboard website. I chose this evidence because the intervention, tube feeding, helps to resolve Omar’s swallowing difficulties and improve nutritional needs. The research helps in answering questions on whether there are other alternatives and any effects associated with the intervention. The research was necessitated by the poor nutrition on patients on admission to hospital and the dislodgement associated with adhesive nasal stickers. Findings from the research reported more benefits in using the loop system than the other method. Some of the benefits include fewer checks for NGT position, less supplementary feeds required, more volume of fluids and feeds and less dislodgement of NGTs. This is vital information to Omar as it highlights why the intervention is used. However, the costs were seen to be high for the two week period. It is important to explain to Omar that studies of this nature are useful and commonly used in clinical interventions. It is a view shared by many authors like Polit and Beck (2012) and Aveyard and Sharp (2013). They rank randomised controlled trials as second best on the hierarch of evidence after systematic reviews and meta-analysis. There are some ethical issues regarding the funding for the research. Procare Ltd supplied the loops. The researchers stressed that it was not involved in any logistics or interpretation of the results, but one may wonder why the loops were sold at a bulk price. Could this have resulted in a discount? If the answer is yes then it is likely that the costs could be higher than the reported one. In addition, the aspect of tolerability was mainly based on the views of nurses and family members. Although it is understandable that most of the patients were having communication problems, the number of patients unable to communicate is alarming to the extent that caution is required when using this evidence. The study was done some years ago and the results published in 2010. A number of changes may have happened since then. Omar will be susceptible on why using such an old piece of evidence. Recent research results may be easier to convince Omar and his family than old results. To sum up, stroke is a major disease affecting many people and causing disabilities among survivors. Any nursing intervention will require evidence to back up. Four sources of evidence have been analysed in relation to Omar, a stroke patient. The strengths and weaknesses associated with each of this evidence will enable any intervention in Omar’s care to be made in rationale way and to his best interest. WORDS: 2 089 Reference Aveyard, H. and Sharp, P. (2013) A Beginner’s Guide to Evidence-Based Practice in Health and Social Care, 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press. Kim, M. and Mallory, C. (2011) Statistics for Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing, Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Oman, K.S., Krugman, M.E. and Fink, R. M. (2003) Nursing Research Secrets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hanley and Belfus. Pilot, D. F. and Beck, C.T. (2012) Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Levin, R. F. and Feldman, H. R. (2006) Teaching Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: A Guide for Academic and Clinical Settings, New York: Springer Publishing Company. Arnaert, A., Filteau, N. and Sourial, R. (2006) Stroke Patients in the Acute Care Phase: Role of Hope in Self-healing [online]. 20 (3), pp137-146. [Accessed 14 November 2013] Beavan, J., Conroy, S.P., Harwood, R., Gladman, J.R.F., Leonardi-Bee, J., Sach, T., Bowling, T., Sunman, W. and Gaynor, C. (2010) Does looped nasogastric tube feeding improve nutritional delivery for patients with dysphagia after acute stroke? A randomised controlled trial. Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3425495-dt-content-rid-4569416_2/courses/UZWSN3-15-1_13oct_gl_feb14_1/Tube%20feeding%20after%20stroke%20RCT.pdf [Accessed on 19 November 2013] Cross, S. (2008) Stroke care: a nursing perspective. Nursing Standard. 22 (23), pp 47-56. Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3473085-dt-content-rid-4709333_2/xid-4709333-2 [Accessed on 29 October 2013] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2008) Audit support (NICE clinical guideline 68 – Stroke) Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcwebdav/pid-3461610-dt-content-rid-4659555_2/xid-4659555_2 [Accessed 12 November 2013] NICE (2008) Understanding NICE guidance: Early assessment and treatment of people who have had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) Available from: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg68publicinfo.pdf [Accessed on 01 December 2013] Paley, L., Campbell, J., Hoffman, A. and Rudd, (2013) Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP): Clinical audit first pilot public report, National results. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_pilot_national_report_january_-_march_2013_admissions_with_appendices_.pdf [Accessed on 11 December 2013] Pale, L., Campbell, J., Hoffman, A. and Rudd, (2013) Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP): Clinical audit first pilot public report, National results. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_pilot_national_report_january_-_march_2013_admissions_with_appendices_.pdf [Accessed on 11 December 2013] Sander, R. (2013) Prevention and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People [online]. 25 (8), pp 34-38. [Accessed on 4 December 2013]. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) (2012) Acute organisational audit report: Public Report for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Available from: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_acute_organisational_audit_-_public_report_2012_0.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2013] Tutton, E., Seers, K., Langstaff, D. and Westwood, M. (2011) Staff and patient views of the concept of hope on a stroke unit: a qualitative study [online]. 68 (9), pp 2061-2069. [Accessed 14 November 2013] 1

The Importance of Recycling :: Environment Ecology Essays Papers

The Importance of Recycling Recycling is an important project everyone should be part of. If we do not recycle many landfills where we put garbage will be filled up faster and we will use more of our natural resources to make the products we could have made from recycled material. My entire life people have been standing over my shoulder making sure I am recycling everything possible. In high school we had huge recycling bins all over the entire school. Down every hall there was a regular garbage can, a garbage can for pop cans, and a bin for paper products and glass bottles. It was important to everyone that garbage was disposed of in the proper places. First of all we have all been taught that this was the appropriate thing to do and secondly out of common courtesy. We knew that our janitors would take the time to move cans and glass bottles from the wrong trash bins to the correct ones. I was a little surprised and disappointed with the recycling bins placed in my dorm, Patterson. There are three huge garbage cans and one tiny recycling bin. The bin is only large enough to hold about six cans or bottles. It does not promote recycling very well, not to mention that it is usually filled with new garbage bags used to replace the bags in the large garbage cans. So even if you want to recycle something there is no room. The book â€Å"Great Expectations† taught me to love the environment more. The characters in this book took great pride in caring for the gardens and the land around the house. The hired boy would work on the land a lot and it became like his home also. He and the people who lived in this house cared about the land and its appearance. They loved to go back there after they were grown and walk around. I believe everyone should take time to appreciate the environment around him or her and find the beauty in it. It is also everyone’s job to pitch in and take care of our environment to keep it beautiful.

Operating System Differences

UNIX/Linux, Mac, Microsoft Windows Operating System Differences University of Phoenix Abstract This paper will elaborate on the major differences of the main Operating Systems (OS), which are UNIX/Linux, Mac ®, Microsoft ® Windows ®. The areas of discussion for this paper will be on Memory Management, Process Management, File Management, and Security for each operating system. Operating Systems (OS) for a computer is the main processing software program used to allow the computer processor to communicate with the software and hardware I/O devices.Computers as SUN, SUSE use UNIX/Linux operating system, Mac ® (Macintosh) computer uses Apple operating system, and Personal Computers (PC) and most business computers use Windows ® Microsoft ® operating systems. Operating System Computers as SUN, SUSE use UNIX/Linux operating system, Mac ® (Macintosh) computer uses Apple operating system, and Personal Computers (PC) and most business computers use Windows ® Microsoft ® ope rating systems. Each operating system is a multi-user system, multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading.An operating system capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time is a multiprocessing and multitasking computer. Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently are considered multithreading. Computer processing uses memory for instructions and subroutines. The use of memory and managing is not simply just reading and writing to the computer. Each computer memory in the system uses it differently. Memory Management is a vital part of the processing of data. Virtual, cache, processor, data, direct access, random ccess, single in-line memory (SIMM) are types of memory used in a computer system. Processor speed is dependent on memory management, which allows the use and operation of the computers. Requirements for memory management are; Relocation, Protection, Sharing, Logical organization, and Physical organiz ation. Each of these mechanisms of memory assists the processing of data between the processor, I/O, Direct Access Memory (DMA) and software packages (Stallings, 2012). Memory management of UNIX/Linux, Mac, and Microsoft Windows Operating Systems (OS) are very similar and different in execution of memory management.The operating structure of UNIX computers is on an end terminal type configuration using their memory for servers, main-frame, engineering computers, workstations, and terminal to terminal use (Hass, 2012). Memories for these are large and fast operating. The UNIX computers use three different types of memory uses. The three named memories for a UNIX computer are Kernel, Cache, and virtual. Kernal memory is the OS’s own (semi) private memory (â€Å"Data Expedition†, 2012). This is always in Main memory. Cache memory’s main function is to hold the File System and other I/O operations.Virtual memory is an addressable memory space for processes to run on the computer. Virtual memory is divided into pages. Windows computers are also based on personal computer and server environments. Memory is large, fast, and used for software packages. Memory management in Microsoft Windows operating systems has evolved into a rich and sophisticated architecture. Capable of scaling from the tiny embedded platforms (where Windows executes from ROM) all the way up to the multi-terabyte NUMA configurations, taking full advantage of all capabilities of existing and future hardware designs (Solomon&Russinovich, 2010).Windows memory is more versatile in use than UNIX and Mac. The modern day personal home computer has Windows OS systems on them. Memory is used based on the operator use and software packages installed onto them. Memory management is different in each application for the different Operating Systems because of the way in which the memory is used. UNIX is more a business server use, needing more memory, and larger data transferring. Mac is a personal computer usage environment not needing as much memory for operating system, but for the software execution and data storage.Windows is also a personal computer environment with a server type environment growing in use. This memory management is both needing large sections of memory for data and operating systems transferring. Along with the processor speed, memory management is one of the most important parts of computer operation. The operating systems also rely on process management. Computers today have developed from running single program capability and running run one program at a time to having the ability to run multiple programs at the same time.They are also able to use multiple threads to provide more than one task to be run at the same time. Processes were created to help manage the execution of the programs. A process is defined as a unit of work in a modern time-sharing system during the execution of a program. There are five states that a process may be in n ew, running, waiting, ready, and terminated. Only one process can be running on a processor and the other processes are in a ready and waiting state. Operating systems use processes to execute the system code, which executes and runs the main programs to process and operate the computer.Operating systems may use the state of a process in different ways. A process control block represents a process in the operating system and contains the process state, program counter, CPU registers, CPU scheduling information, memory-management information, accounting information, and the I/O status information. To maximize the CPU processes need to be running at all times. As a process enters the system, they are placed in a job queue. A process scheduler is used to select the next available process for program execution. Process can be executed concurrently in most operating systems.Because all operating systems use processes to execute programs, This paper will compare and contrast some of the m ain systems like UNIX, Windows, and Mac. A UNIX operating system creates a process through a fork() system call and uses an identify processes by a unique identifier typically an integer number. The new process will contain a copy of the address of the original process known as the child. The child inherits the privileges and scheduling attributes from the parent. The parent could communicate easily to the child processes. The return code for the fork() call is zero for the child process and non- zero for the parent processes.To begin the execution of the process, the exec() after the fork() system call. The process memory space will be replaced with a new program. This allows two processes the ability to communicate and go their separate ways. A parent process will issue a wait() command whereas the child process is running so that it is completely removed from the active queue. Once the child process is terminated the parent will begin processing. Windows operating system is simil ar but offers some differences to process management than the UNIX operating system. The Win32 API uses the CreateProcess() function to create new processes.A specific program is loaded into the address space of a child process to create a new process. The CreateProcess() request expects at least 10 parameters. The first two parameters that pass through the command are START UPINFO and PROCESS_INFORMATION. The STARTUPINFO advises the new process what the window size and the appearance and handles to the I/O files. PROCESS_INFORMATION contains a handle and the identifiers for the new process and thread. A default parameter is used for the child process and the thread handles the specifying of no creation flags.The parent process waits for the child to process by using the waitfor singleobject() command and will be processed after the child has been terminated. The Mac operating system uses a process manager to schedule process. The number of processes are limited to the amount of mem ory available. The manager will maintain the information about the process. Process serial number identifies each process. The process serial number identifies a particular instance of an application. The foreground process has priority to access the CPU because the process is to allow only one foreground process at a time.A Multiple accesses process can be in the background. The process manager will automatically terminate a process when it exits its main routine or encounters a fatal error condition. The process manager will remove the process from the list of open processes and release memory occupied the application. Management of the processes is important to the operating system, but is also important on how files are managed. File management is primarily handled by the operating system software installed on a computer. Files are a sequence of logical records that are abstract and implemented by the OS.The user is primarily exposed to the file system portion of the operating s ystem making it even more important to have a user-friendly approach to the management of files. â€Å"A file system is a part of the operating system that determines how files are named, stored, and organized on a volume. A file system manages files and folders, and the information needed to locate and access these items by local and remote users (â€Å"What Is NTFS? † Local File Systems†,  2012). Systems for managing files provide users and applications with services like file access, directory maintenance, and access control or security.Windows NTFS, or New Technology File System, file system is intended to handle high-end applications like client/server applications, engineering, and scientific systems, and network applications for large companies and schools. One of the key differences in the Windows file system from other file systems is that it treats each file as two separate streams of bits within the same file. Key features offered by NTFS are recoverabilit y, security, larger files, and disks, journaling, compression, and encryption, and hard/symbolic links. Files are generally stored as clusters, which are one or more sectors side-by-side on the disk, or as a volume.NTFS does not recognize sectors, which are the smallest physical storage unit on the disk. Each volume consist’s of a partition boot sector, master file table, system files, and a file section. The master file table contains information about all of the files and directories on the volume. It is a table of 1,024-byte rows, or records with each row describing a file in the volume. A file can take up more allocated space, but tracked by pointers that point to additional clusters within the volume. Recoverability is not extremely robust but the NTFS does provide recoverability for directory/file structure if a crash occurs.Full recovery would require far more resources if it were implemented. Linux/UNIX supports a broad variety of file systems that map back into the u nderlying system it uses to support them. All UNIX file systems maintain a tree structure that runs under a root directory. Inodes are control structures that contain information pertaining to a file. An inode stores information like control information, size of the file, th etime the file was created, and any other information specified by the particular inode structure implemented. There are a various different file types utilized in the UNIX file system.Included are regular files, which encompass all software or data, and directories which contain files and other directories with at least a name and identification number for each file. Symbolic links are essentially an alias for another filename or directory, and IPC end points that communicate from one process to another process running on the same computer. Special files allow access to external devices, and physical devices. File access is controlled by a set of 12 protection bits comprised of nine bits of permissions, and thr ee bits that define special behavior.When files are accessed their inode is called into the main memory and stored. In UNIX all file allocation is dynamic, or on an ass needed basis. An indexed method is utilized to keep track of files and their locations on the Disk. Inodes contain both direct and indirect pointers to store index information for the file they are attached to. Macintosh systems utilize the hierarchical file system approach, but have updated the system to accommodate more modern utilization. HFS plus allows for smaller file sizes and more efficient utilization of larger storage spaces.It offers 32 bits of block allocation allowing for more files to be stored, and for the space on the hard disk to be utilized more efficiently. A Unicode file length of 255 will allow for more specific naming of files and easier differentiation between them. Dynamic inode length allows for larger branching in the file tree and less wasted space. The way files are stored is similar to th at of NTFS, but varies slightly in the way the volumes are broken down. The volume header is 1024 bytes in length and contains information about the contents.A catalog file contains information about the hierarchy of the files and folders within the volume, and an extents overflow file handles information pertaining to files with more than eight fork extensions. Attributes files are not fully explained but are a B-tree file that will be implemented in later named forks. Allocation files are bitmaps utilized to determine if there is a file allocated to an allocation block. Startup files are special files that hold information utilized when booting a system without a built in ROM. All operating systems have security issues and need good security protection of the operating system.Operating system security (OS security) is the process of ensuring OS integrity, confidentiality, and availability. OS security refers to specified steps or measures used to protect the OS from threats, virus es, worms, malware, or remote hacker intrusions. OS security encompasses all preventive-control techniques, which safeguard any computer assets capable of being stolen, edited, or deleted if OS security is compromised. (Stuart Ellis) As memory management, process management, and file management all are part of the operating systems vital elements, security is important, and even more important.Having unwarranted and unwanted access to files, data from outside source can be damaging and detrimental to the organization. The Unix/Linux systems have many security features that help in securing the system. UNIX has User Accounts protection, Password, file permissions, data verification, encryption, system firewalls, and application isolation. Each of the following security features has unique security for the Unix/Linux operating system (Sans. org). A widely used UNIX password security technique is the use of hashed passwords and a salt value (Operating systems, 2012).This type of passwo rd security is used on a UNIX-based system. When a password input into the system, it is combined with a fixed length word to complete the pass word. This added word is computer generated and is associated with the time of input. For the Apple/Mac user the Apple OS/X operating system is and has been very reliable and not prone to the virus attacks as other operating systems. For the general Macintosh user, the chances of getting hacked are low, especially if that user does not frequent any online chat facilities or make any on-line purchases; things of that nature.Apple/Mac computers have software package called, â€Å"SecureMac† which is a virus protection software only for Apple/Mac computers. Microsoft Windows has been most of the target for security issues and breeches in security. Virus’s, malware, spyware have all been problems with accessing Windows-based operating systems. Security for these is ongoing and because of the changing threats from viruses. Windows s ecurity has access control; password, file protection, and all can be protected by using the windows configuration files on the operating systems.Conclusion for this paper shows that each Operating System has memory management, processing management, files management, and security for the system to operate. The Operating Systems of UNIX/Linux, Apple/Mac and Microsoft Windows each have operating systems with these features. Each operating system is different but operate in the same manner for the computer system to work. The memory of each operating system is the same as it needs the memory to cache, save, and execute programs within the systems.File processing for each system also is similar but uses other software packages to process the files and deposit the data and execution files for operation. Process management is different because of its dependency on the executable programs in each operating system type. Security for each system is different as the way it is executed in the operating system. Security does the same purpose on each system, it provides security to not allow unauthorized access, system protection, and prevents data loss. The operating system is the main executable program that operates the computer, without it will not operate.As there are different operating systems, they are all making each computer sytem operate to the best way for users. References Haas, J. (2012). WHY UNIX. Retrieved from http:/Linux. about. com/cs/Unix101/a/Whyunix. html Data Expedition. (2012). Retrieved from http://tips. dataexpedition. com/memory/html Inside Windows 2000 by David A. Solomon & Mark E. Russinovich (2012). Operating Concepts (8th ed. ). New York, New York: John Wiley and Sons. (2012) Operating Systems(7th ed. ). New York, New York: Pearson Education Inc. What is NTFS? Local File Systems. (2012). Retrieved from http://technet. icrosoft. com/en-us/library/cc778410(v=ws. 10). aspx Stallings, W. (2012). Operating systems: Internals and design principles (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. MAC OS X File Systems. (1994-2010). Retrieved from http://osxbook. com/book/bonus/ancient/whatismacosx/arch_fs. html Technical Note TN1150. (2007). Retrieved from http://dubeiko. com/development/FileSystems/HFSPLUS/tn1150. html#HFSPlusBasics http://www. washington. edu/lst/help/computing_fundamentals/computermgmt/secure_winxp Operating Systems. (2008). Retrieved from http://www. mywikibiz. com/Operating_system? amp;lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=e48fac3a399120f77fb76caecd40b9b1 Janssen, C. (ND). Operating Systems Security. Retrieved from http://www. techopedia. com/definition/24774/operating-system-security-os-security? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=e48fac3a399120f77fb76caecd40b9b1 Introduction to Processes and Task. (ND). Retrieved from http://3 [email  protected] com http://www. stuartellis. eu/articles/unix-security-features/ http://www. sans. org/course/securing-linux-unix http://its. virginia. edu/unixsys/sec/ Memory Management. (ND). Retrieved from http://www. s. uah. edu/~weisskop/Notes490/mych7_mm1. ppt? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=e48fac3a399120f77fb76caecd40b9b1 Windows Memory Management. (nd). Retrieved from http://wiki. answers. com/Q/Difference_between_MS-DOS_and_Window_XP_Memory_Management? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=5eb449a7f1ebcb74325b62cb62158562 How NFTS Works. (2003). Retrieved from http://www. keppanet. netfirms. com Mac OS X security guide. (nd). Retrieved from http://www. securemac. com/macosxsecurity. php? &lang=en_us&output=json&session-id=de09de61be8aec54504d05a42635bfc1

Brandy Norwood

To develop a healthier eating habit for dent that work out in the gym instead of eating junk food while exercising eating healthier will help control weight, improve health conditions and diseases, and also boosts energy levels to perform better while exercising. Give some background information about why you are proposing your suggestion so that the reader has a better understanding of the problem. The gym should be a positive place to work out at, when you go to a vending machine to get a snack what would you eat? Snickers or a granola bar?Students don't have the option to make that decision. Time and time again I e students having to make the wrong choice by eating unhealthy. Making vital decisions to choose to eat unhealthy because they don t have healthier items to offer students. This effects the students in many ways this makes the student unfit after having a full work out, this puts more calories into the students body that they just burned while working out, and lastly it d oesn't stimulate the body as would a healthier choice item Having them ready to go to class to be ready to participate in class.State a solution to the problem; this is where you give specifics about your suggestion. A solution to this problem would be to take an evaluation from the student body, where they are able to voice their opinion on if they fill that they want a healthier vending machine in the recreational center. If so move forward and by getting the student body to get the Southern University to provide a better vending machine by asking if Southern University A&M college could add a 1. 00 charge to tuition to make a possible attraction for students in their health.The dollar will exceed beyond its limits there are a little over 5,000 students that attend Southern University at the moment which is the cost of a vending machine from BBS. Com. The money that we assets from the student body every semester will go towards healthier vending machine primarily in the gym. This also will be for maintenance of the machine and also to cut cost. By working with this company they would be able to give the university a discount. Continue with any costs that will be involved. It was added in the previous paragraph Conclude by restating the problem and proposed solution.To develop a healthier eating habit for student that work out in the gym instead of eating junk food while exercising eating healthier will help control weight, improve class participation , and also boosts energy levels to perform better while exercising. The conception of having a better quality and healthier environment for people that uses Southern university a&m college recreational center. Is the ideal good or bad to use a survey of 25 stimulating questions to get to the bottom of it once and for all? How do students really feel about having Auditor or yogurt ? Would they rather drink a coke or a bottle of water?What do students want? Student survey (6-7 ) questions ). How will healthy vendi ng machines in the recreational center help improve students' performance? 2). If a healthier snack machine was put into the recreational center would you purchase snacks? 3). What snacks would you like to see put into the machine? And why? 4). Do you think students will perform better if eating heather snacks while working out? 5). What snacks would you not support being a part of the snack machine? 6). Has this ever been a concern for you to see heather snacks in the vending machine? People that uses Southern University a college recreational center.

Organ Trafficking Speech Essay Example

Organ Trafficking Speech Essay Example Organ Trafficking Speech Essay Organ Trafficking Speech Essay Good afternoon, my name is __________ and I’m here to talk to you about a massive problem. A massive problem which unfortunately we’re still letting this happen. While listening to this speech, you might think this is the typical speech anyone who really didn’t care about this matter, could give, but I believe this matter concerns everyone, and that I’ve got the enough reasons to convince you about that, to change your mind. Do you want to take part in changing this horrible matter into something far more pleasant? Do you want to stop this horrible, apalling and terrifying illegal business? You, the great United Nations, still live without knowing the other dangerous and critical part of organ trafficking? Hearts, lungs, kidneys, livers; the great demand for organs is starting to increase very rapidly. People need quick transplants, and this is what black market can offer. There are plenty of reasons why people have to sell their own organs. The principal reason that would come to your mind, is money. Yes, organ trafficking keeps on a great amount of money moving. Kidneys can vary from $25,000 to $60,000, and lungs and hearts can provide the people who sell them over $150,000. But when they do not follow through with their promises on payment, which happens often, they leave paid donors far less than they promised. This completely destroys these people’s lifes, leaving them not only without a kidney, but without an appropiate life condition. Not even half of the 7,000 people who require a simple organ transplant are attended. Do you think this is what people want? Wouldn’t you also trade for illegal organs? Changing this situation it’s just your decision, improve the organ donotation, make the difference! But there are many other reasons why people sell their organs. People who arrive illegally into a country, need as well as money, a new identity to stay into that country. They would exchange anything, including their organs, to keep away from judicial problems. But where does all this happen? China and India are among those countries where maximum illegal sale of human organs happen. This is mostly because these countries are the ones that have the less legal vigilance, this is precisely the reason that they are also the ones who need the most help, when changing this situation. There is one rule in China that if no one claims the dead body then the organs of the person can be used for transplantation purpose. Poor communities, and poor people, are the ones most affected by this problem. They are the ones who are sometimes manipulated to offer their organs to the rich people, that can easily buy them. They are the ones who have no other option than risking their lives for an amount of money, which is unfortunatedly not enough for all of their needs. These sugeries, take part in unsanitary unhealthy and unclean conditions, where an infection can easily be caught. But lets stop for a minute. You might think that their lives can improve a bit after taking part in this horrible risky market, but impossible as it seems, sometimes it gets even worse. Many residents unable to work with pain in their sides, fell back into debt as post-sugery costs absorbed their kidney profits-contrary to the promises of their brokers. And sometimes they don’t even ask the donor’s permission. The case of Mohammad Salim is one of the terrific cases related to organ trafficking. He was lied to, and then escorted into a dark, paint-chipped room with gunmen who gave him an injection. He fainted, and then woke up with a pain in his side. His kidney had been removed. There are thousands of cases like the one of Mohammad Salim, and sometimes these people find themselves in terrible situations such as death. I’m truly sure that these kind of things are not appealing to anyone, and especially they’re not appealing to you all. And I’m also sure you’re not going to let this happen, because you are part of the United Nations for some reason, mostly, for trying to resolve each problem that crosses your path. You are now the only people who can solve this problem, you are the only people who are going to solve this problem. What about tougher laws? People’s lifes in these countries are completely ruined, do you think they would also deal with bills, with jail? And what about sending doctors, who really know what they’re doing? They’re so many doctors in our country without any job, that a great percentage of them would do anything to get one. But in my opinion what would really stop this black dangerous and painful market, would be to set up a legal regulated market. Lets follow Iran’s example. They can tout the world’s only regulated transplant market and abundant organ supply, with the goverment offering donors $1,200 and free health unsurance. People wouldn’t feel scared of their actions, people would feel safe, safe and happy, as they haven’t felt for a really long period of time. They would also earn money, apart from life quality, you don’t want to take that from their lives do you? During their lives, they’ve just had problems, followed by even worse problems. Their time has come for their lives to change in a positive way. So what do I really want to achieve by giving this speech? Well, I need your help, they need your help. So act now! Don’t let this repeat one more time! Their safety it’s just in your hands.

Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization

Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization Free Online Research Papers Abstract: This paper assess on the challenges organisations face when executing gender equality at workplace. Tracing back to the basic form or gender discrimination, where it was taken as a conventional form in some developing places, to extreme feminism practise, where reverse discrimination against men is discussed. Gender equality is essential to improve productivity and creativity at workplace. On the other hand, some criticism argued gender equality being to ideal is analysed. The finding was danger could arise when employees or employers forget or ignore the essence of gender equality, therefore recommendations are given to remind everyone in an organisation when it comes to gender discrimination. Table of Contents 1.1 Introduction-The paradox of women’s orientation in a society 3 2.1 What is discrimination? 4 2.2 Laws to ensure gender equality at work place 5 2.3 Infanticide of Female Babies in India and China 5 2.4 Achieved Status and Ascriptive Status 7 2.5 Self-promotion=Social rejection? 8 2.6 Importance of a gender discrimination free environment for employees 8 2.7 Rhetoric aspects of gender equality 10 2.7.1 Gender equality and the competency matrix 10 2.7.2 Gender equality or women’s priority? 11 3.1 Conclusion 12 References 14 List of appendix: Figure 1: Taylor W. (2007) the competency matrix. National College of Natural Medicine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦p.12 1.1 Introduction-The paradox of women’s orientation in a society â€Å"Women have been taught that, for us, the earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we will fall off the edge† (Authuor Unknown). This myth has been for decades a barrier to women who wants to expresses their feelings, to show others that women are capable of what man can do. The current Chinese president Hu Jintao noted, â€Å"Women are a great source of strength in creating human civilisation. The promotion of gender equality and protection of women’s right impact on the immediate interests of women and decide whether human beings can fully develop their potential and pursue a better life.† (www.people.com.cn). This creates a paradox of â€Å"Women are a great source of strength† versus â€Å"Women should not venture out†. Where should women stand? What role can they play in a society? At work place, maintaining gender equality is essential to ensure every employee is enjoying a discrimination free environment, therefore eliminating the possibility of employees not speaking up due to unnecessary backdrop. Women has been seems to be the victim of gender discrimination. However, could this happen in other forms, where men are being discriminated? The aim of this paper is to investigate the dilemma of organisations, when trying to execute sex equity. Looking at what difficulties organisation faces, when attempt to maintain a gender discrimination free environment for all employees. There are three objectives to achieve the aim. Firstly, is to access the ‘conventional’ gender discrimination in some places. Secondly, is to evaluate the importance of ensuring a gender discrimination free environment for employees. Thirdly, recommendation will be given on how an organisation can maintain gender equality at work places. 2.1 What is discrimination? â€Å"Direct Discrimination occurs when on the grounds of sex, sexual orientation, civil partnership, marital status, race, religion or belief or sexual orientation grounds whether the characteristics in questions are those of the person treated less favourably or some other person† Lewis and Sargeant (2007). Behind the word ‘discrimination’, right, freedom, justice and tolerance are hidden concepts. Discrimination could also exits in an indirect form, â€Å"the concept of indirect discrimination allows us to treat discrimination on a non-proscribed ground as discrimination on a proscribed ground. This broadens significantly the reach of non-discrimination law† Doyle (2000). This makes indirect discrimination vaguer to be protected by laws. Nevertheless, these laws are still solid guidelines and foundation for gender equality. 2.2 Laws to ensure gender equality at work place Some of the important anti gender discrimination legislation include: the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Equal Pay Act 1970 outlaws ‘equality clause operates when a person is employed on ‘like work’, work rated as equivalent or work of equal value to that of a person of the opposite sex in the same employment. The Sex Discrimination outlaws discrimination and harassment against civil partners and married (but not single persons) (Lewis and Sargeant 2004). In Sex Discrimination Act 1975 section 21A, clarifies that it is unlawful for a public authority to discriminate or commit acts of harassment on the grounds of sex when performing its functions. Moreover, public authorities are required to eliminate unlawful sex and race discrimination and sexual harassment, also, to promote equality of opportunity and good relations between men and women and persons of different racial groups (ibis). However, these laws are often criticised for being short-term and limited approach (Shapiro and Olgiati 2002). Torrington and Hall (1995) argued that a policy does not intentionally make to change the situation but could be merely symbolic. Can these laws overturn the millennia of inequality? It might be relatively difficult to implement in some parts of the world, where women are widely recognised as low-status. 2.3 Infanticide of Female Babies in India and China Discrimination of sexes can actually exist in a ‘conventional’ form. The phenomenon of infanticide female babies in two of the most populous nation- India and China is a valid example. It reflects the low status of women. In some rural parts of India, no baby girl was found at all. In the other thirty villages, there were 343 boys to 54 girls. Why those Indians infanticide baby girls? As some of they think sons are called upon to generate income, they work hard in fields. Therefore, sons are viewed as a type of insurance (Porras 1996). Conversely, these families prospect bride must pay huge amount of money to the family she is marrying to. The wedding expensive usually sum up to more than a million rupees (US $ 35,000). Whist an average Indian earns about 100,000 rupees ($3,500) a year. For poor families, they see baby girls as a dowry but boys as income generator. This has always be the case in India, and as a conventional form. In some parts of the world, government ar e accused to permit, or even encourage the killing of handicapped, female infants or unwanted child. For instance, 200.B.C in Greece, among 6,000 families living in Delphi, less than 1% had two daughters, murdering of female infants was so common. In China, a tradition of infanticide and abandonment, especially of females, existed in China before the foundation of the People’s Republic in 1949 (Zeng 1994). Chinese thinks that when a girl gets marry, she leaves the family and become part of her husband’s family. Conversely, a boy child can ensure someone will take care of them in their old age. Infanticide babies no matter of which gender is brutal, if action is not taken, this will continue and pollute societies world-wide. However, how has the low status of women being implemented to the prosecutors’ head? 2.4 Achieved Status and Ascriptive Status Any further discussion on gender should begin with distinguishing between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’. According to Mukhopadhyay and Sudarshan (2001), the term ‘sex’ is a biological determined attribute, and it is not easy to change. Whilst ‘gender’ being the social constructed roles, which the significance vary from one society to another. In addition, the status of gender changes obviously as a society develops over time. What construct the importance and roles play by different gender? There are two main sets of factors, determined by achieved status or by ascriptive status. Achieved status refers to ‘a status acquired by an individual through her efforts, often through competition and the use of special abilities, knowledge and skill’ (Government of Indian 1974 :7). On the other hand, ascriptive status refers to ‘any status not based on individual ability, skill efforts or accomplishment, but on inherited positions in society’ (ibis). Achieved status involve personal attributes, change according to the individual’s desire. In contrast, an individual do not have control over ascriptive status, as it involve the collective consciousness of a community, for instance, norms of family, kinship, nature of conjugal contract, religion etc. (Grusky and Manwai 2008). Fortunately, the ascriptive value has come down in level as time pass by as people are getting more educated, they are more enlighten to respect one another. However, there are still bunch of people out there stereotyping women. 2.5 Self-promotion=Social rejection? According to (Borgida, Hunt and Kim 2005), when one forms an initial impression of women, one always rely on their perspective of stereotyped women, than on information on a specific woman. What will one think about a woman when she attempts to clime the occupational hierarchy? The research of (Bordiga, Hunt and Kim 2005) argue that in order for a woman to perceived as compatible to her male counterparts in leadership roles, she must clearly keep on emphasising her past successes, and be a self-promoter. Ironically, this form of self-promotion could likely form social rejection, and therefore creates a dilemma for women (ibis), as modesty is considered a feminine trait but not self-promotion. Rudman and Glick (1999) explored on what perception could form when women present themselves as assertive and directive-or as competence leaders. The finding was these women are viewed as betraying their feminine gender roles, thus, no longer perceived to own feminine interpersonal skills. (Heilman, Wallen, Fuchs and Tamkins 2004) carried out further study on how gender stereotypes affect the perceptions of competence among female job applicants. The finding was people stereotyped man as more competitive before they look at their candidate’s prior job performances. To draw a conclusion of the findings of different researchers, women are given difficult position at work places. Without conscious practice of gender equality, what could happen to organisations? 2.6 Importance of a gender discrimination free environment for employees Rees and McBain (2004) argued that employees are a company’s most valuable asset. In addition, to attract and retain talent is a key corporate challenge. Gender discrimination, when favouring either male or female in an organisation, could bring an organisation at risk by limited capable individuals to perform at his or her best. Moreover, Goss (1998) noted â€Å"equal opportunities is primarily a moral or ethical project that focuses on the processes giving rise to inequalities and seeks to address these in a qualitative sense, not by reducing social difference to a common economic currency, but by promoting its acceptance and understanding.† Promoting acceptance and understanding is essential. Workplaces should provide an environment where all employees are treated equally, despite their race, gender or religion. Goss also argued to promote equal opportunities is first and foremost a social duty for any employer. Perception of inequality could raise issue of job dissatisfaction and high turnover (Anderson 2003).When an employee perceived greater levels of justice at workplace, he is generally more engaged in organisational citizenship behaviour and a more positive work attitudes and behaviours (Moorman 1991, Rahim, Magner and Shapiro 2000). Moreover, organisations can be benefit from greater creativity in grou p decision as different gender could see things very differently from one another. Admittedly, the idea of reaching the realm of gender equality is significant as it could increase an organisation’s competitive advantage on carefree employees. However, there are also critics on the rhetoric aspects of gender equality. 2.7 Rhetoric aspects of gender equality Goodsell (2007) argued that the idea of gender equality is vague as it enforces an extreme absolute conception of gender neutrality. It is unrealistic attempt to omit all sorts of gender conventions. Feminist scholar Catharine MacKinnon argues that formal equality is ineffective, as it leaves the focus on men and masculinity. This concept could further illustrate by Taylor (2007)’s competency matrix illustrates different stages in learning according to one’s understanding of why learning. This is also applicable to the concept of gender equality. 2.7.1 Gender equality and the competency matrix At the first stage where people do not know they do not know, is where people are discriminating each other gender-wise, yet nobody realise that it is an insult to others. When people start to realise discrimination exists and it is not fair in a society, some people take action because they finally realise they know the problem. A group of people will give-up the mission of promoting gender equality as they faced difficulties and frustrations. However, the rest will continue to attempt to encourage and ensure gender equality at work place. As time goes by, laws and legislations are set, forming a solid foundation of the concept, that people consciously know they know the problem, and therefore working towards it, they really do respect each other despite their gender, and understand the true meaning why promote gender equality. Unfortunately, some people make numbly practise ‘gender equality’ and forgetting the true meaning of it. For instance, ranking women as priorit y, forgetting equality’s meaning. Figure 1: Taylor W. (2007) the competency matrix. National College of Natural Medicine 2.7.2 Gender equality or women’s priority? The mentioned model could explain what the trend is today; a lot of people forgot the true meaning of ‘gender equality’, taking an extreme thinking women priority should be instead correct. This loses the true meaning of gender equality. For instance, in 1997, a group of men sued Hooters (a restaurant well-known because they hire sexy young girls). Hooters agreed to pay $3.75 million to settle this lawsuit. The settlement allowed the chain keep on having solely Hooters girls to sever good and beverages (www.bbc.co.uk). There are also other cases for men suing Hooters for restricting its servers to be female. In addition, according to Anderson (2003), the charges of reverse discrimination are increasing by men at the middle or executive levels of management. ‘Fair and equitable treatment is a primary concern for most employees’ (Sheppard, Lewicki and Minton 1992). Gender equality should exist in a fair manner, where both sexes are protected, given the equal rights. 3.1 Conclusion Tibetan Spiritual Leader the 14th Dalai Lama once claimed â€Å"Human beings, indeed all sentient beings, have the right to pursue happiness and live in peace and freedom.† This statement lies in a utopian world. In reality, does the ‘right’ everybody ought to have he mentioned even exist? The doubt incorporates with Oscar Wilde-the Irish Poet’s argument of â€Å"Society exists only as a mental concept; in the real world there are only individuals†. The real world which we are living in (obviously not the utopia), people only concern about themselves, taking themselves as superior, it does not bother an individual to protect other’s individual rights, as they are all busy to protect their own right. If the human race ever tries to aim to live in peace and freedom, eliminating the thoughts of discrimination will be the very first steps, it could start from small scales for instance, daily life practices, when it brings to what organisations can do to support this dream, there are several steps organisation can follow: Firstly, there should be a zero tolerance for any discrimination. Secondly, if any employee complains of gender discrimination, the organisation should investigate carefully, if there really is a problem, action should be taken. Thirdly, managers should be role models to make sure everyone within the company understands what extend gender discriminations goes. People should never forget the true concept of gender equality, which is to maximise productivity, and utilise everyone’s talent at work places no matter which gender they are of. Imagine a work place where everyone respects each other, giving their best. This could motivate employees and create an open organisation culture for them. On the other hand, a ‘learning organisation’ could definitely help, spreading gender equality throughout an organisation. The limited of this research is the complexity nature of the topic, the status of women varies from society to society, therefore, cases in India and China could not generalised the concept of low-status of women worldwide. In addition, other aspect of gender discrimination such as gay and lesbian being treated unfairly is not discussed in this paper. As a conclusion, gender discrimination at any form should not be ignored. This breach of human rights could lead to serious problem, as human labour should always be the most valuable asset to any organisation. References: Anderson D. (2003) Gender Equity in the Context of Organisational Justice: A Closer Look at a Reoccurring Issue in the Field. Journal of Leisure Research. Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 228-247, National Recreation and Park Association Bordiga, Hunt and Kim (2005) On the use of gender stereotyping research in sex discrimination litigation, U.S. Doyle O.(2000) Equality, Autonomy and Indirect Discrimination, Dublin Grusky, D., Manwai, C. (2008) Social Stratification: Class race and gender in sociological perspective. Westview Press. Heilman M., Wallen A,, Fuchs D. and Tamkins M. (2004) Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416-427. Lewis D. and Sargeant M. (2007) Essentials of Employment Law, 9th edition, London, Chartered Institute of Personal and Development Mayo A. (2001) The human value of the enterprise: valuing people as assets : monitoring, measuring, managing. London, Nicholas Brealey Pub Moorman R. (1991) Relationship between organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviours: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 845-855. Porras, M. (1996) Female Infanticide and Foeticide. Rahim M., Magner N. and Shapiro D. (2002) Do justice perceptions influence styles of handling conflict with supervisors?: What justice perception, precisely? The international journal of conflict managerment, 11. 9-31 Rees D. and McBain R. (2004) People Management Challenges and Opportunities, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Rudman Glick (2000) Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash toward Agentic Women, supra note 18, at 749-53 Shapiro G. and Olgiati E. (2002) Promoting gender equality in the workplace, Ireland, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Torrington, D. Hall, L. and Taylor, S. (2007) Human Resource Management, 7th Edition, Edinburg, Pearson Education Limited Zeng Y., Baochang G., Ping T., Yi Xu, Boha Li and Youngping L. (1993) Causes and Implications of High Sex Rations,† Population and Econmics (Renkou yu Jingji), No. 1, 1993 Research Papers on Managing an Equal Opportunity Organization19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Infection Control and Hand Hygiene Literature review

Infection Control and Hand Hygiene - Literature review Example Firstly the nursing staff should be aware of the proper procedure and principles of hand hygiene. They should know the correct technique to follow it. Secondly they should have the will to follow it. They should feel morally responsible for the patients and value their life. Lastly a great deal of effort has to come from the hospital to educate the staff and supply them with proper supplies related to hand hygiene. Secondary Research This is a qualitative research on the topic infection control and hand hygiene. The purpose of the research is to discuss various issues to help understand what infection control and hand hygiene is and how the two are related. The research will look to cover range of theories and articles in order to elucidate what is being discussed. For the research, following key terms and phrases were identified: Hand hygiene nursing Hand hygiene practice Hand hygiene and infection control Hand hygiene and WHO Ways to motivate hand hygiene in hospitals hand hygiene and infection prevention Maintaining hand hygiene in hospitals Infection control and hand hygiene statistics Lack of hand hygiene in hospitals Hand hygiene compliance Hand hygiene and infection control books The above keywords and phrases were researched in different academic databases like PubMed to find suitable articles and study. A large chunk of research was done from nursing books online from reputable authors and editors. Newspaper and online articles of only trusted sources like BBC and the guardian have been included for the research. Keywords Phrases E-Books and Newspapers online Book/article Selected PubMed Articles Selected GOOGLE Database Articles Selected A Hand hygiene nursing 993 1 2,200,000 3 B Hand hygiene practice 45,500 2 1,171 2 14,400,000Â   3 C Hand hygiene and infection control 12,100 1 3,234 1 D Hand hygiene and WHO 745 1 10,700,000 2 E Ways to motivate hand hygiene in hospitals 934 2 F hand hygiene and infection prevention 27,900 1 2,483 2 6,020,000 2 G Ma intaining hand hygiene in hospitals 1,680,000 1 H Infection control and hand hygiene statistics 2,240,000 2 I Lack of hand hygiene in hospitals 1,950 1 1,420,000 3 J Hand hygiene compliance 851 4 1,550,000 2 K Hand hygiene and infection control books 1,540 4 Definition of infection control Infection control looks to prevent those who might be in danger of acquiring deadly diseases and infections. Infections could come from the community as well as from the nursing staff in case a person is already admitted to a hospital. Infections develop due to poor hygiene and the most basic aim of infection control is to counter the environment that allows unhygienic practices (WHO, 2013). Glasper and Richardson, in their book Children’s and young people’s nursing explain that for infection to occur there must be a host, a germ or bacteria that could be transferred and finally a transmitter. If any of these three things are not present then it is not possible to transmit infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2007). Nizam Damani in his book ‘infection prevention and control’ explains the two most basic ways of catching infections in hospitals. Transmission of infection comes from direct and indirect contact made to the patient.

Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization - Term Paper Example Financially, emergence of world wide financial markets has also improved external borrowing terms and relations; this has greatly contributed to the global financial structure instability. This is because the structures have grown dramatically than any other transitional regulatory regime. This can be seen in the current global economic crisis being experienced, the world economy has been intertwined and thus depends on the out comes of the bigger economies (Murray, 8). Economically, common markets are based on freedom of exchange in goods and services .Collapse of one market can therefore not be contained. This creates a generalized risk because if one country which for example is the market economy collapses the effects will be impacted also to the country which produces those goods or services because they will not be in a position to buy them (Sheila, 10). Politically globalization has been used to create cartels which are target towards particular motives or interests for example the World Bank, IMF among others. These cartels provide a means of control and regulations which deters relations between governments and mandates rights in regard to social and economic globalization. The United States for example has enjoyed a power stratus compared to other powers because of its vast wealth and resources backed by a very strong economy. This is because no other power may be able to compete with its vast wealth, resources, industries, technology among others (Jurgen, 8). With increase in technology communication links and networks have been established both in developed and geographically remote locations. The world nowadays has been linked with such things as satellite, fibre optics telephone and internet technologies .When flow of information is therefore considered the world is all connected to a one small global village. Globalization also has contributed to the use of one common language in most parts of the world, for example English is widely used because most of the communication equipment s e.g. the telexes mails among others are in English (Jurgen, 8). Globalization also means that various and vast range of products will be at the world market. This means that only the best goods or services will fetch market and good prices .This leads to competition where countries try to improve quality of their products as well as increasing value of these products in order to have the competing edge in the world market. Ranges of products are also coming up each and every world in through trade market in order for them to participate in the trade (Steiger, 8). Industrialization has also lead to climatically change that is currently being experienced. This has lead to change in climatic patterns thus lower production mostly affecting agricultural sectors where Africa can be cited as an example. This because most industries emit gases which are destructive to the ecological composition. They also require dirty industrial stage where they dumb the waste; this has led to environmental pollution for Example Rivers, lakes, soil etc (Jurgen, 8). Globalization had its effects in the world of business. Pressure is applied to lowly industrialized third world countries which operate on the same

Eassy 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eassy 1 - Essay Example Therefore intuition and deduction from this information is a priori (Lawhead 22). Rationalism is a perceived truth about something. In an argument by Lawhead rationalism is a feeling of truth about an object or an idea (23). The author further points out that the feeling is accompanied by a general assumption about truth about something (Lawhead 23). Additionally, rationalism is created about a fact that can be proven be fact or a creation. For instance, a person may believe in the belief that God exists because it is a fact that is believed beyond reasonable doubt. In this particular case, the assumption that God exists may be proven but with a strong believe but not with experience. Lawhead points out that rationalism is basically factual theories but with no physical experience or proof (45). On the other hand, empiricism is a theory that can be proven with experience. Lawhead defines empiricism as an idea or theory that is real (56). The vice is different from rationalism which is based on beliefs. Empiricism can be proven by physical evidence. However, there is no source of knowledge on an idea that can prove its existence. The only source on knowledge while using empiricism is experience. For instance, when person undergoes an operation to remove a tumor from their body they experience the medical process but they do not have the chance to see the operation. In this particular case, the person undergoing the surgery does not know the source of the tumor or the process the operation. However, the experience both pain and recovery. In future the person may describe the experience not with specific knowledge of the events but with their experience of the events. This may include the pain they felt, the time they took to recover or the price they paid for the operation. T his is a perfect example of an empirical idea. Lawhead argues that empiricism gives us knowledge more effectively

Macroeconomic Environment of Business Case Study - 2

Macroeconomic Environment of Business - Case Study Example It has led to domestic imbalances in the middle-income countries and the open economies ending up into large current account deficits and housing bubbles. Unemployment rates in the OECD countries rose rapidly from 5.7% in 2007 to 8.6% in 2009. This was a rise of 10.1 million individuals without employment in the OECD countries. Unemployment in the US was most massive with similar labour market consequences in Spain, Denmark, Turkey and Slovakia. Some of the worst-hit nations were Estonia, Lithuania, Ireland, and Latvia which witnessed dramatic output and labour market contraction (Verick & Islam, 2010, p.20-24). The most common methods of fiscal policies which could be used responding from the global crisis were a combination of government spending along with tax cuts in order to provide a boost to the slogging economies. According to the Keynesian theory, deficit spending could be used by the governments to replace an extent of the demand which was lost due to the recession and prevent further wastage of economies resources due to lack of demand. Governments could have responded by increasing bailouts and injecting money into the financial system in order to allow credit flowing in the economy; cutting down rates of interests in order to encourage investments and borrowing; and finally to allow excess fiscal sending to increase aggregate demand (Verick & Islam, 2010, p.36). This response could be effective in controlling further impacts of the crisis and further economic deterioration and keep workmen in their jobs and help in the creation of new job opportunities for those unemployed. Alth ough this response was likely to control further downturn the effectiveness could vary across economies (The Economic Times, 2008). One of the limitations in using fiscal measures during the recessions is the fact that ideally government finances must increase during periods of growth and reduce when the economy contracts or slows down.     

ARTICLE ONE AND ARTICLE TWO Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARTICLE ONE AND ARTICLE TWO - Assignment Example The intriguing fact in the article is how the author presents the information about panda and penguin abandoning the new born in an effort to sustain itself. This sure does indicate that nature mysterious in its own ways. The article has many scientific facts which normal people fail to encounter or got less chance to read. They are many facts which people are unheard of. The article also details the reason why these creature abandon their offspring which might not make sense to the social animal albeit humans. The article itself seems to have a sole purpose of providing information to people that what we might think sensible can be absurd for nature and vice versa. This subject is of interest because it explores the unique nature of animal and bird’s and indicates the survival is the key right of the fittest.In total, the article is rich in information and subject and is equally good in the theme as it is a glimpse of the mystery of nature. The article is all about cancer and how it can dangerous to sound and experience. This subject can be both interesting as well as repelling to people as nobody want to be acquainted with cancer at any point of their life time. The author is health and fitness expert and hence can be more relied upon on the subject of cancer as it is a health issue. From the article, we can understand how a distortive cell engineer itself and progress to the destroy the whole group of cells in less matter of time. Sometime the nature can be a killer as well as saviour. This article makes us think whether cancer is a play of God or ignorance of human being. The author with her writing makes us wonder that when all the cells do its job well, why a certain cell should go out of direction and attack healthy cells. They have been many scientific reasoning and research in case of cancer but the real cause of cancer still remains a mystery. The cell division and

Origanum Majorana Essential oil Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origanum Majorana Essential oil - Research Paper Example Therefore some essential oils are used in order to fasten the overall recovery process of patients. Origanum Majorana Essential Oil is one of the them which is extracted from herbs; possessing relatively higher sedative, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anti-fungal, anti-viral, expectorant, stimulant, disinfectant and calming effects (Marjoran, 2011). In this paper only one essential oil is discussed i.e. Origanum Majorana Oil with respect to the treatment of surgical ICU patients. Origanum Majorana is a Latin name for Marjoram which means ‘greater’ not because of some physical or chemical compositions but due to the ancient perception that the use of Origanum Majorana oil can increase lifespan of humans (Marjoram, 2012). This herb belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It has penetrating smell, slightly spicy taste and overall warm nature. Its chemical components include Thymol, Caryacrol, Pinenel, Camphor, Origanol, etc. The Origanum Majorana oil is extracted from its flowers. It is yellow in color and turns brown as it decomposes. It has some distinctive properties which makes it highly applicable for the treatment of surgical patients. These include (Marjoram, 2012): The oil has soothing and calming effect when consumed internally or when applied externally over the body. Its distinctive chemical composition helps in reducing stress. It provides relief to the muscle pain and throbbing. The oil has an ability to deal with the miseries of congestion and common cold. The warm and woody smell of the oil provides relaxation to human senses. Massage of Origanum Majorana releases pain during menstruation. It is also recommended for the treatment of insomnia as it regulates the functioning of nervous system. The oil is extensively used in body massage after sports. It provides warm effect to the body when used in hot bath. Description The Romans have categorized Origanum Majorana as the ‘herb of happiness’ and for the Greeks it was a key source of â⠂¬Ëœjoy to the mountains’ due to its sedative properties and an ability to reduce tension. Surgical patients experience tension before and after the surgery which is a natural phenomenon. However, the tension and emotional imbalance might lead to high blood pressure which can cause problems particularly during and after the surgery. Therefore it is the prime concern of medical professionals to reduce tension and mental stress of these patients. For this purpose several medicines and therapies are used. The application of Origanum Majorana essential oil

Macroeconomic Environment of Business Case Study - 2

Macroeconomic Environment of Business - Case Study Example It has led to domestic imbalances in the middle-income countries and the open economies ending up into large current account deficits and housing bubbles. Unemployment rates in the OECD countries rose rapidly from 5.7% in 2007 to 8.6% in 2009. This was a rise of 10.1 million individuals without employment in the OECD countries. Unemployment in the US was most massive with similar labour market consequences in Spain, Denmark, Turkey and Slovakia. Some of the worst-hit nations were Estonia, Lithuania, Ireland, and Latvia which witnessed dramatic output and labour market contraction (Verick & Islam, 2010, p.20-24). The most common methods of fiscal policies which could be used responding from the global crisis were a combination of government spending along with tax cuts in order to provide a boost to the slogging economies. According to the Keynesian theory, deficit spending could be used by the governments to replace an extent of the demand which was lost due to the recession and prevent further wastage of economies resources due to lack of demand. Governments could have responded by increasing bailouts and injecting money into the financial system in order to allow credit flowing in the economy; cutting down rates of interests in order to encourage investments and borrowing; and finally to allow excess fiscal sending to increase aggregate demand (Verick & Islam, 2010, p.36). This response could be effective in controlling further impacts of the crisis and further economic deterioration and keep workmen in their jobs and help in the creation of new job opportunities for those unemployed. Alth ough this response was likely to control further downturn the effectiveness could vary across economies (The Economic Times, 2008). One of the limitations in using fiscal measures during the recessions is the fact that ideally government finances must increase during periods of growth and reduce when the economy contracts or slows down.     

Origanum Majorana Essential oil Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origanum Majorana Essential oil - Research Paper Example Therefore some essential oils are used in order to fasten the overall recovery process of patients. Origanum Majorana Essential Oil is one of the them which is extracted from herbs; possessing relatively higher sedative, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anti-fungal, anti-viral, expectorant, stimulant, disinfectant and calming effects (Marjoran, 2011). In this paper only one essential oil is discussed i.e. Origanum Majorana Oil with respect to the treatment of surgical ICU patients. Origanum Majorana is a Latin name for Marjoram which means ‘greater’ not because of some physical or chemical compositions but due to the ancient perception that the use of Origanum Majorana oil can increase lifespan of humans (Marjoram, 2012). This herb belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It has penetrating smell, slightly spicy taste and overall warm nature. Its chemical components include Thymol, Caryacrol, Pinenel, Camphor, Origanol, etc. The Origanum Majorana oil is extracted from its flowers. It is yellow in color and turns brown as it decomposes. It has some distinctive properties which makes it highly applicable for the treatment of surgical patients. These include (Marjoram, 2012): The oil has soothing and calming effect when consumed internally or when applied externally over the body. Its distinctive chemical composition helps in reducing stress. It provides relief to the muscle pain and throbbing. The oil has an ability to deal with the miseries of congestion and common cold. The warm and woody smell of the oil provides relaxation to human senses. Massage of Origanum Majorana releases pain during menstruation. It is also recommended for the treatment of insomnia as it regulates the functioning of nervous system. The oil is extensively used in body massage after sports. It provides warm effect to the body when used in hot bath. Description The Romans have categorized Origanum Majorana as the ‘herb of happiness’ and for the Greeks it was a key source of â⠂¬Ëœjoy to the mountains’ due to its sedative properties and an ability to reduce tension. Surgical patients experience tension before and after the surgery which is a natural phenomenon. However, the tension and emotional imbalance might lead to high blood pressure which can cause problems particularly during and after the surgery. Therefore it is the prime concern of medical professionals to reduce tension and mental stress of these patients. For this purpose several medicines and therapies are used. The application of Origanum Majorana essential oil

The Good, The Bad And The m ouldy Essay Example for Free

The Good, The Bad And The m ouldy Essay Introduction: In 2008 a YouTube video of a lady displaying a McDonald’s cheeseburger which she had kept for 4 years, went viral. A normal McDonald’s cheeseburger which had been exposed to the elements had kept in the same state for 4 years. No mould or mildew was found on the meat patty, the only thing that was slightly wrong was the burger bun which had become stale and was beginning to crumble. The composer of the video then compared McDonald’s fries which had been around for 4 years, to sliced potatoes which had been cut 3 months ago. The McDonalds fries were perfectly intact, they still had an oily, salty and greasy feel. However, the potato cuttings were covered in mould and were incredibly hard and in an attempt to snap them in half, they did not flex at all. If ‘real’ potatoes aged like that, why wouldn’t McDonald’s fries (the main ingredient being potatoes). This leads to the main experiment, if a McDonald’s burger doesn’t age, would a burger from home prepared ingredients be any different? My experiment consists of purchasing a regular McDonalds cheeseburger and then preparing a homemade cheeseburger using the same ingredients. The homemade burger must have the same dimensions as the McDonalds burger and share the same characteristics. For example, the weight of the McDonalds beef patty must be equivalent to that of the butcher-bought patty for the homemade burger. As all McDonalds patties are frozen, the butcher patty must be cooked in advance, frozen and then defrosted on the day of the burger preparation. The McDonalds burger will be purchased within the same hour as the homemade burger will be prepared. Even though an hour is an insignificant amount of time, I do not wish for the results to be altered in any way. The two burgers will be placed in two identical containers for 30 days. The burgers will be monitored every day and must only be handled with gloves on. Once the 30 days are up, the two will be weighed and examined to see if there are any changes to either burger. Depending on whether or not the McDonalds burger decays, I plan to conduct a survey and propose the question to 20 – 30 people â€Å"If cost was excluded from the equation, would you purchase a McDonalds burger over a burger from a takeaway shop made with reliable ingredients? † This question will be asked before the experiment takes place and once again after the 30 days. References: Adriana Velez, (January 3, 2013), Cheeseburger That Stayed Exactly the Same After a Whole Year Raises Alarm, http://thestir. cafemom. com/food_party/130975/cheeseburger_that_stayed_exactly_the * More to be decided for further research Aim: To determine whether a home-prepared cheeseburger will be in the same state as a McDonald’s cheeseburger after 30 days. Hypothesis: The burger made from natural ingredients will show signs of decomposition as opposed to the McDonalds burger which I believe will stay in the same state (based on previous research). Variables: Independent Variable – The burgers used for the experiment. One will be purchased from McDonalds, the other will be prepared at home, using butchers meat and store bought ingredients. *Note: Different cooking oils may be used to prepare the meat patty Dependent Variable – The amount of days which the two burgers will under examination (30 days). Also the weight of the two beefs patties before and after the experiment. Controls – The two containers in which the burgers will be situated. They will be in the same environment (a dark room). The two burgers must weigh the same and have the same portion of ingredients. Risk Assessment: Whilst preparing the homemade burger, proper cautions must be taken to avoid injury. Following proper safety guidelines while using the stove to prepare the patty is most important. As the experiment goes on, touching the burgers for examination will be required. Proper safety gloves must be worn to prevent any form of mildew or mould from making contact with the skin. Equipment List: * McDonalds cheeseburger (freshly cooked) * Ingredients for homemade burger (butcher’s meat, cheese slice, tomato sauce, chopped onion, burger bun, pickles) * Cooking utensils (frying pan, spatula). * Two identical air-tight containers * Safety gloves * Scales * Camera * Journal (to document observations) Method: Step 1: Prepare homemade burger using listed ingredients and freeze for 2 to 3 days. Step 2: Defrost burger, cook patty and purchase a plain McDonalds cheeseburger. Step 3: Place burgers in two separate airtight containers and place in a location which each container receives an equal amount of light, heat, etc. Step 4: Conduct a survey by proposing the question â€Å"If cost was excluded from the equation, would you purchase a McDonalds burger over a burger from a takeaway shop made with reliable ingredients?† to 20 – 30 people. Step 5: Observe the two burgers each day for 30 days, taking note of any change. (Handle only with safety gloves) Step 6: Collect findings and present results. Step 7: Briefly outline results to the same 20 – 30 people who were surveyed and ask them whether their views have changed at all. Step 8: Research the health benefits of home prepared meat as opposed to commercial, processed meats. Results: Photos and descriptions of the burgers will be presented in the form of a journal. Weight of the burgers will be presented in a line graph designed in Microsoft Excel.

Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking

Theories of Adolescent Risk Taking Adolescence is seen as a period when an individual is unable to competently assess risk. There is a general belief that adolescents believe that they are invulnerable to risk thereby unable to perceive certain behaviors. Because of this, adolescents are adjudged to be less aware of risk. This provides the reason the reason why there are legal limitations on adolescents’ right (Bellotti, 1979, Gardner, Scherer Tester, 1989). On the other hand, some view adolescents as having the capability to making informed and competent decisions as adults (Melton, 1984). This means that some see adolescents as seeing themselves as invulnerable. This idea is supported by Elkind’s theory (1967, 1978). In this theory, Elkind argues that people become cognitively egocentric when they first enter into formal operations. Because of this, adolescents believe that they are unique and special making them immune to certain things. They see themselves as invulnerable to harm. This geocentricism and invulnerability are expected to reduce as the individual moves from middle to late adolescents. But some believe that this theory on geocentricism is not associated with adolescence transition into formal operations, and that it is not limited to adolescence alone (Frankenbreger, 2000, Gray Hudson, 1984). In addition, research has not found any positive correlation between geocentricism and perception of invulnerability (Dolcini et al., 1989). Social researches on adolescence have not been helpful in resolving the debate between adolescents’ perception of invulnerability to risk and adolescents’ competence. There are numerous inconsistent studies on this issue. There are factors that may be responsible for these inconsistencies. According to Millstein and Halpern-Felsher (2002), these inconsistencies maybe due to the methods used to measure risk perception. Some researchers used probabilistic assessment, that is, the chance that an outcome will occur (Quadrel et al., 1993, Gochman Saucier, 1982) while other researchers like Finn and Brown (1981, Cohn, Macfarlane et al. (1995) examined adolescents’ perception about harm, that is â€Å"the amount of harm that could be caused(p. 401). This has the ability to cause disparity between the studies and also questions the validity of these findings. Another cause of this disparity is failure of researchers to consider behavioral experiences across ages and control for it. While some of the earlier studies that focused on adolescents’ age group and those that compared adolescents and adults found a significant difference in awareness of and consideration of risks (Ambuel Rappaport, 1992, Chassin et al., 2001), some others found few differences. One of the studies that did not support the idea of adolescents’ invulnerability is the one conducted by Millster and Halpern-Felsher (2002). In their studies, they took into account the above identified problems in studying adolescents and young adults risk perception. While other researchers used participants’ parents to measure comparison between adolescents and adults risk perception, these researchers use unrelated childless adult to eliminate this problem. Their reason for using unmarried young childless adults was because those with children may have a greater awareness of risk because of their positions as parents compared to childless and non parent/unmarried young adults.This is because using adolescent participants’ parents may create problem of non independence between the groups. They used 433 adolescents and 144 young adults between the ages of 20 30 as comparison group from racially diverse population and from geographically and demographically similar area. They tried to find out age differences in risk judgement and if adolescents risk judgment differ from those of adults, and if vulnerability perceptions to harm are more prevailed in adolescents than adults. In the result, they found a significant difference between young adults’ and adolescents’ risk judgment. Also, there was a significant age group differences between older adolescents and younger adolescents. Older adolescents assessed probability of negative outcome to be lower than younger adolescents. The study challenges the general belief that due to adolescents’ developmental status, they view themselves as invulnerable as well as underestimate risk. Adolescents don’t see themselves as invulnerable, though they may fail to perceive specific risk related to a specific behavior, and at the same time, may over estimate the benefit of such behavior. Even after controlling for behavioral experiences, younger adolescents perception of risk was greater than older adolescents, and adolescents perceived greater risk that young adults. Because younger adolescents have been taught that engaging in risky behavior results in significant risk, they are likely to be lieve it (Millstein Helperin-Felsher, 2001). But with increased exposure to peer risk behavior coupled with maturation, adolescents are able to observe that not all risky behaviors have a negative outcome. The researchers observed that the participants over estimated risk. Young people already have a sense of heightened vulnerability and that continuous emphasis on the negative outcome of risk might be counterproductive, in that it might conflict with adolescents’ own experiences as they might realize that not all risky behaviors result in negative outcome. The result of this study is in contrast with the popular belief that adolescents perceive risk less than adults do and that adolescents also see themselves as invulnerable. Another research that is consistent with the above finding is the work done by Baumgartner and Peter (2010). They investigated adolescents’ and adults’ perception of internet risk, especially online sexual risk. Previous studies on online risks founf that adolescents are vulnerable (Mitchell, Finkellor Wolak, 2001, 2007b, Yabarra, Mitchell, Finkellor, Wolak, 2007). These findings are based on the assumption that adolescents are massive internet users. There are scientific/research evidence to prove that adolescents are more vulnerable online that adults and that adolescents reported a very negative feeling such as being afraid from online sexual solicitation (Mitchell et al., 2001). Some reasons for this unwanted online sexual solicitation include the fact that due to adolescents’ massive developmental changes at his stage, the need to relate to others increases thereby making them vulnerable to unwanted sexual solicitation (Singelman Rider, 2003). On the other hand, adults may not be keen on interacting with strangers, thereby decreasing the risk of unwanted sexual solicitation. Another reason for this vulnerability is that adolescents spend more time online and this may increase their chances of receiving unwanted online sexual solicitation (Jones Fox, 2009). The empirical evidence to support that adolescent take greater risk than adolescents have been inconsistent. The difference between adults and adolescents risk perception may be because adolescents today are more familiar with internet amd newer social networks compared to adults. In their study of 1765 Dutch adolescents and 1026 Dutch adults, done through online survey, Baumgartner and Peter (2010) investigated age and gender differences in unwanted online sexual solicitation. The result showed that female adolescents and young female adults are at the greatest risk of this online harassment. This may be because of the specific online activities that they are involved in, or may be because they are just the targets of these perpetrators. A reason for this may be because these groups of people use the internet as a means of communication rather than for entertainment, and the the use of internet for chatting increases the chance of unwanted sexual solicitation. Because one of the cha llenges during adolescence is identity formation, these adolescents may use the internet to relate to others by self disclosure or to share intimate details (Mazur Kozarian, 2010, Calvert, 2002). They also found that young girls find this undesirable and may be more emotionally and cognitively vulnerable to such messages compared to older female adult. This means that adolescent girls feel vulnerable with such behaviors, this is in contrast to the general belief that adolescents perceive some behaviors as risky. An emerging adult may cope better in such situation, but an inexperienced adolescent may be more vulnerable and may need protection than adults. There was also evidence of increased online risk for older adolescents male and adults compared to younger adolescents. This may be because as one gets older, one partakes in more risky behavior compared to when one was younger. This is evidence against the notion of adolescents’ invulnerability. Another reason for this increased online sexual risk found among older adolescents and adults may be because sexual interest does not decline with age or after adolescence, and sexuality being an important part of adults, engaging in online sexual risk may help satisfy these sexual needs. Though these evidence that adolescents do not engage in more risk than adults does not mean or suggest that adolescents’ behaviors should be neglected. Risk behaviors are interpreted differently by adolescents and adults (Parsons et al., 1997). It is seen as a normal thing when adults give out private information about themselves online based on the assumption that adults can handle any negative consequence from such behavior unlike adolescents, such behaviors may be frowned at because any negative outcome may be detrimental and may affect their normal development. In addition, although risk may have potential negative outcome, it also serves an important cause in adolescent development (Jessor, 1992, Igra Irwin, 1996) as it helps adolescents develop autonomy and maturity. It also helps in coping with anxiety and frustration. Online sexual risk may also help adolescents in developing their sexual identity. Hence, online sexual risk behavior should not be viewed as detrimental to adolescents, but it could also serve to facilitate healthy development. This study shows that adolescents, especially younger adolescents are risk aware, and that the fear of adults about adolescents’ online sexual risk behaviors is unfounded. A study by Haase and Silbereisen (2011) linked the effect of negative affect on adolescents’ risk perception. This study is in contrast to the above studies that adolescents have a higher risk perception than adults. And that this depends on the affect. That perception depends on our mood or emotion either positive or negative. Other studies have linked positive affect to lower risk perception (Johnson Tversky, 1983). This means that adolescents who are emotionally open are influenced by this. The Haase and Silbereisen (2011) study examined the effect of positive affect on adolescents’ and adults’ risk perception. The study involved the use of audio-visual method to induce emotion. Research has shown that negative emotion leads to a higher risk taking, because the individual tries to overcome the bad mod through engaging in activities that are rewarding in short run and can potentially have harmful effect on the long run (Tice, Bratslavsky Baumeister, 2001). Bu t from the result of the study, they found that when an individual is in a good mood, he is less likely to perceive some risky behaviors like smoking and alcohol drinking as risky. The study also examined the effect of mood across age groups. It was found that positive affect lowers risk perception across age groups, whereas negative affect led to lower risk perception among mid adolescents but did not for early adolescents and young adults. This may be because developmentally, mid adolescents have a high stress vulnerability (Spear, 2000), and a higher risk taking (Steinberg, 2008). Therefore, it has been shown that affective influences play a big role in adolescents risk taking. When adolescents are in good mood and excited, they tend to indulge in risky behaviors or they may judge some behaviors as risk free. Because previous studies have used questionnaire to assess adolescents’ risk taking, using experiment showed that adolescents partake in risk behavior and that this risk taking is influenced by affect either positive or negative. This means that adolescents and adults may be more risk averse when they are faced with situations that do not give rise to great emotions, and this may not be captured in questionnaire study. This result in conflicting findings on adolescents risk taking, but using experimental design may show the real situation when the adolescents are faced with strong emotions. Feelings may alter risk perception.