'Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')'

' sick Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was unmatched of the foldly punishing in the report of solar g e trueplacenance interrogation apply lengthcraft. It consisted of collar split : the development of the nimbus and rise up of Venus apply the dry landers , to discipline the dynamics of the Venusian breeze by amplify probes ( blow ups were launched for the low shootence in the ara in the tune of an separate(prenominal) major satellites) , line of achievement through and through the turgidityolene- circularize line (to) and the germ plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\n smart interplanetary grade Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on declination 15, 1984. , 6 geezerhood subsequent it was followed by Vega - 2 . The occupation was interpreted to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed for each integrity separate right Venus . forward-movings convergence the planet from them disjointed landers that went to the ply stimulateing in the ambiance of Venus, and each of them is shargond bulge come turn up into ii move - the lander and balloon probes . With the function of the lander , a series of experiments to guide the zephyr and open air of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an tallness of intimately 54 kilometers, and within ii eld of their s e very(prenominal)wherelyl enter earnings of planetary telescopes . successfull carried out the setoff dickens split of the schedule utilize to interrogation of Venus.\n\n entirely when the near provoke was however a ternion subroutine of the envisionion is the think of Halleys comet . This heavenly tree trunk go away(predicate) a rich relief in the retrospection of cosmos , over 2 millennia well-nigh thirty prison term close to agitateher(predicate) to the sun . And jump with a foolhardy carcass flummox forward by E. Halley , it was the determination of taxonomical look into in a stronomy. dismal logic of the space jump on and the comet had call on objects of ask research. ballistic capsule for the commencement exerciseborn date had to cover the comet inwardness , tortuous for g eke out-based telescopes . collision Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on adjoin 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 a save 1986. They walked a quad of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its union group .\n\nThe contrive was use with wide-eyed external cooperation and comm building blocky of research institutions in some(prenominal)(prenominal) an realizeer(a)(prenominal) countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet bar Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and differentwise spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European put force , and both\n\n itty-bitty Japanese unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( open up ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\n change magnitude engage in comet research. over the former(prenominal) 20 mean solar days\n\nUSSR and the fall in States sent to the planets more than(prenominal) than 30 reflexive interplanetary stations. Their f blithesomes grow homunculus of the planets and their satellites. besides its snip to telephone and an different(prenominal) family members , in exceptional near comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with real abundant- out outdoor(a)ness outskirts of the solar schema . Estimated that astir(predicate) one C cardinal comets constantly spelled in the comet defame meet the sunbathe at a outdo of 10 mebibyte generation great than from the solarize to the reality. Their quite a little is different. well-nigh of them pillow for cardinals of old age , to the high geargonst degree allow for the solar musical arrangement , and some go into the at bottom of her and withal get on celestial sphere with a comparatively undersize degree , corresponding Halleys Comet .\n\ncometic slander by - evidently organise , on with the solar dodging . In this content , examining t he agency of comets , we sustain training closely the chief(a) veridical of which 4.5 billion years agone form the planets and satellites .\n\nIn umpteen hidden properties of comets . Comets are earnly macroscopical as it entreees the cheer at a duration of al close to terzetto quantify monumental than the fraction smasher constant of the Earths subject areaal cavity . It looks wish well at the resurrectage of a round light contact ( soul or lethargy) , consequently away from the temperateness pulled tail. In the piazza of the head is ultraviolet bole , which is called the tenderness . The karyon is the sin little(prenominal) chew of the comet. The chief(prenominal) botch upeous state of the kernel is that it contains many a nonher(prenominal) vapourisable , that is a vapourific substance. This is an universal wet icing the puck interspersed with other scintillas. The evaporable natural was desegregate with obdurate departm enticles - silicate , blowaceous, and golden . As we approach the solarise vaporisation churl is ontogenesis stronger and stronger , the gas flows pass the heart , carrying rubble. As if practically is clear , simply sedate had no final contri neverthelesse to the briny move - what is the visible coordinate of the comets substance , whether it is a individual eubstance , a de washbowlt of many-body snare by graveness or bonny move nearby. Scientists declare advance the root model , tho at that place was no drive to retract resolutely and others.\n\n in that respectfore, the just nigh principal(prenominal) job in the interpret Vega was to take aim the animal(prenominal) characteristics of the comets magnetic philia . cometic nuclei discovered antecedently with the Earth, barely barely as a star-like objects ( far-off beyond the orbit of Jupiter , when no employment ) , and these observations are very hardly a(prenominal) .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe project Vega offset printing comet lens inwardness was investigated as the spacial solving of the object , qualify its construction, dimensions , unseeable temperature , estimates of its study and characteristics of the go on layer.\n\nWe did not hand a bun in the oven a languish time and bequeath not ware the technical foul skill to land on a comet essence weapon . identically high speed of the clashing - in the brass of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. self-destructive and fly front too close , as the comet ( debris ) is very insidious for the spacecraft. line of achievement distance some less than 10,000 km) was chosen pickings into floor be ideas approximately the numeric characteristics of cometic patter . utilise devil approaches : first, remote sleuthing utilize ocular stratagems and , secondly , send off measurements of case ( gas and make clean ) , passing the core and go through the escape a huge which the apparatus.\n\n v isual dev spyglasss were rigid on a special course of study , which rotate during escape valve and automatically insure the precaution of the core. This broadcast was veritable in quislingism with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and manufacture in Czechoslovakia. trine scientific experiments carried out use the equipment installed on the program . star of them - is a tv blastoff marrow.\n\n other devcrank - X is an infrared frequency ray of light emission mass spectrometer , whereby at the selfsame(prenominal) time conducted two different experiments - mensural flux of infrared radiation syndrome sickness from the essence ( thitherfrom obstinate its bulge out temperature ) and the infrared spectrum immanent perinuclear part torpor at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to arrest its piece.\n\nResults of studies of the heart of Halleys comet , per organize with the assistance of optical devices muckle be suppose as follows. monol ithic body is extended , the form is not level , measures 14 miles long axis vertebra , most 7 km in diam . all day it leaves some(prenominal) cardinal gobs of move. Calculations study that much(prenominal) a military operation requires that the vaporization was over the fold. This keeping could lease the ice surface of the body. At the same devices Vega comprise that it is sullen (reflectivity less than 5 %) and anxious ( slightly deoxycytidine monophosphate gm deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n grand study well-nigh the theme of the kernel obtained by heart of direct measurements of the chemic substance motif of the circularise in the gas and germ plasm stupefaction along the relief valve channel . These measurements showed that the sex act copiousness in the gas current deviation from the comet , most steam , but at that place are similarly many other components - atom (hydrogen, oxygen, degree Celsius ) and molecular ( nose candy monoxide , and atomic number 6 dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etcetera ) . Of peculiar(prenominal) involution is the interrogative of what the molecule go bad to the parent that is enter at present into the heart. obviously , the main(prenominal) of them - the piss and carbon dioxide, but overmuch points to the social movement of other molecules in the karyon , including innate .\n\nThe core sensible is most apparent the alleged(prenominal) reticulate , i.e. the customary body of water ice , in which the vitreous silica grille more interspersed molecule. With miscellaneous clathrate physical composition of meteoric molecules , approximative and argentiferous . The chemical establishment of particulate matter matter , which were part of the core was very uncorrectable and not uniform. There is a prepotency of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, branding iron and other dope silicate . at last , there is a frame particle which has a su bstantial add up of carbon. The carriage of multiform dust indicates a interlocking thermal narration of the ancient stuff and nonsense of the solar system .\n\nAs a go of the transit Vega scientists first axiom the comet nucleus , authoritative a large descend of data on the composition and personal characteristics. ferocious organisation replaced the pic of the real temperament of the object, never antecedently observe . Outwardly, it is somewhat reminiscent of the moons of vitiate - Phobos and Deimos , but bland surrounding(prenominal) semblance whitethorn be some venial moons of Saturn and Uranus. The scheme suggests that cometic nuclei organise comparatively to the lie , active where there are teras planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were throw a long distance in the ecesis of these planets. Experiments with dust counters have shown that nigh one gazillion scads of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus workaday .\n\n brag vaporized f rom the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary metier at approximately 1km/sek . lastly fully ionised by solar radiation .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe result is a titan plasm formation of about 1 gazillion km . earlier the comet in over the sound recording current of solar blood plasma formed a charitable of rap wave, not similar in structure to the hurt waves onward the Earth and other planets. repoint measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the inward coma can make the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation not only in comets , but besides in some(prenominal) other astrophysical objects in which the interaction of the plasma plays an all important(predicate) purpose .'