An Illustration of the Five Acts of a Shakespearean Tragedy

All Shakespearean tragedies contain five acts that follow a certain format. The opening act is known as the exposition. The exposition â€Å"exposes† background information about the play. Following the exposition is the complication. The complication is the second act, and contains rising action. This act is also supposed to mess things up and â€Å"complicate† them. Following the complication is the third act. The third act is the highpoint with no return. This act is also known as the climax. After the climax is the resolution. The resolution is act fourth act. This act is an attempt to resolve previous problems created in the third act. The resolution also begins to bring about the conclusion. Lastly is the fifth and final act called the†¦show more content†¦Act III is also known as the climax of the play. After reading act I and act II, act II is the most anticipated act. The former acts provided background information, foreshadowing and rising action, whi ch has built anticipation. In this act Caesar was stabbed. That is definitely a high point with no return. Also in this act, Antony gave a clever speech, resulting in all the townspeople turning against Brutus. That may not have been the most climactic part of the act, but is still included in the climax because of its significance and impact in the acts that follow. Act IV is the resolution. This act is supposed to resolve problems that have happened in act III. Yet some of the ideas to resolve the problems are just an attempt at resolving the problem, and they end up doing more damage. For example, Antony does not want anybody to interfere with his triumvirate. So his idea of resolving the problem is to just kill everyone he think could mess up his plan. Although it may resolve his problem, that was probably not the best course of action for him to take. Then, Brutus the battle is a good attempt at resolution. He forces everyone to go to Philippi right away. The result of that att empt at a resolution turns catastrophic which leads into the fifth and final act. The final act is known as the catastrophe. This act is indeed very catastrophic. One disastrous event that happened was caused by a bad relay ofShow MoreRelatedShakespeare Was A Playwright That Emphasized Tragedy, Love1875 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare was a playwright that emphasized tragedy, love and deceit.  Ã‚  Similarities between Shakespeare and Sigmund Freud’s theories are profoundly similar. Much of Freud’s theories are based upon repressed memories, the unconscious mind and psycho-sexual stages of development.  Ã‚  These theories remain controversial from first introduction of his ideologies to current time, (Mitchell, Black, 2016).  Ã‚  Freud, much like Shakespeare, was not afraid to shy away from taboo subjects and tragic endingsRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHER’S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREENRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesdetermined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reason history is an act of individual and national self-assertion Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · political pamphlets travel writing highly ornate writing style fiction employs generic plots and characters fiction often tells the story of how an innocent young woman is tested

Slavery During The Roman Empire And The New Testament

Christian Guzman Professor McFarland New Testament 9 November 2016 Slavery in the Roman Empire and the New Testament Slavery, a word described as the state of one bound in servitude as the property of a household. This description, along with sadness and disbelief gets brought into peoples’ minds as the chilling sensation of the explanations begins to be sought out. The New Testament brings us many different views on how we percept our personal beliefs upon Slavery, and different problems arising as aspects on this topic are perceived by Paul the Apostle in Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. Slavery was introduced by the Roman Empire during the era of the New Testament. In this period of time, almost half of the children born into the dynasty were quickly transformed and molded into the slaves of the current state. But unlike the ones of later times, salves of the current time period of 60 A.D. had more of a roller coaster ride with their masters, meaning that certain owners developed different relationships with them and had different views upon what was expected. The book of Ephesians, written by Paul the Apostle, was created and put forth solely or the purpose of relaying information to the church of Ephesus regarding God’s plan was to bring all authority and power to Christ himself. As he addresses different people such as children and parents, and large crowds, he reaches out to the slaves, for whom he has a soft spot. In Ephesians 6:5-9 PaulShow MoreRelatedHistory Of New Testament Times From The Birth Of Jesus1727 Words   |  7 Pages1. Give an overview of the history of New Testament times (from the birth of Jesus to the writing of the books). To understand the New Testament one must pay attention to the historical context of the world and times these events were written. In the Roman Empire, importance must be placed on the corresponding worlds of the Roman Jews and the Roman Christians of that time. Jewish history provides a rich backdrop for the New Testament, which is set in the Second Temple Period starting from the reconstructionRead MoreAn Overview of the Greek and Roman Empire1654 Words   |  7 Pageswhich was the first great epic poems in early Greece and he was thought to have created, rather than have recorded the Greek history. Between 750 and 550 B.C, large numbers of Greeks left their homeland to settle in distant lands. The creation of a new group of rich men fostered the rise of tyrants in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. In Sparta, boys were trained to be soldiers. At birth, each child was examined y state officials, who decide whether the child was fit to live. Those who were judgedRead MoreThe Prospective Of The Bible1176 Words   |  5 Pagesprospective of the Bible is mainly male-focused and women’s issues are seldom discussed. The percentage of men mentioned in the scriptures is huge compared to that of women. Of the 1426 names, 1315 are men, 111 are women (Fisher, 2015). In ancient Israel during the Age of the Patriarchs, judges, and kings, women were limited by Jewish laws and customs. However, social structure was more important to the ancient Hebrews rather than personal conversion and personal morals (Hiers, 2015). In the Patriarch AgeRead MoreThe Reign of Great Ruler1599 Words   |  6 Pagesto 2279 b.c.e. As the first Mesopotamian Empire King he conquered many of the surrounding city-states forming the Akkadian Empire. Through his reign he conquered all of southern Mesopotamia, p arts of Syria, Anatolia and Elam or Western Iraq. Sargon also built the first city of Babylon. Sargon was the first to unite the city-states of Sumer and Mesopotamia under Akkadian rule, building what could be considered the first multi-ethnic societies. Sargon empire used ideas from the cities he conquered andRead MoreChristianity And African American Culture1710 Words   |  7 PagesChristians were brought over from Africa, along with most of their own religions, some of them brought Christianity along with them, but those who believed in other religions were soon forced to convert to Christianity which they looked to freedom. During my studies, I came across a book entitled â€Å"The Talking Book† by Allen Dwight Callahan. In this book, he speaks about how the African American race accepted Christianity. One interesting story he spoke about in his book was when slave masters use toRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Old Testament2605 Words   |  11 Pageshas been used througho ut time to justify actions that, when looked back on, were of questionable ethics. The Bible was used during the lead up to the Civil War by both pro-slavery supporters and abolitionists to defend their views. My biblical response to southern slave-holders who used the Old Testament to justify the practice of slavery would be that the institution of slavery is unethical and my argument would focus on the teachings of Jesus and the â€Å"spirit of the law† which deals with justice, loveRead MoreWho Has Influenced The Many People1880 Words   |  8 Pages(ReligionFacts). What is Christianity? How did it spread? Who is Jesus? What happened to him? Jesus Christ, born a Jew in the Roman province of Palestine was born to a Jewish couple, Mary and Joseph (Breuilly 44). At the age about thirty, he spent three years as a preacher and a healer near his hometown of Nazareth and Jerusalem. However, Jesus’ actions soon angered the Roman rulers. The Roman rulers suspected that he was planning a rebellion of the Jews (Breuilly 45). Some religious leaders even believed hisRead MoreModern Day Racism And Hatred Against African Americans1390 Words   |  6 Pagesracism and hatred against African-Americans can be traced back to slavery in the Colonial Americas. Over 10 million slaves were taken and brought into the New World. These slaves if they were to survive the way would face a harsh life of servitude to their white masters. Africans slaves were and plentiful and cheap labor source in the 1700’s. Slavery was very controversial in the colonies. The practice had many believers and critics. Slavery was a brutal but big part of American history. In 1492, ChristopherRead MoreThe Roman Empire Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pages The Roman Empire, arguably one of the greatest civilizations to have ever ruled here on earth. The story is that it was founded by two brothers, Romulus and Remus, sons of Mars, the God of war, and raised by a she-wolf. After killing his brother for crossing his wall, Romulus went on to become the first king of Rome, which was named for him. Later when the men of Rome wanted noble women to be the mothers of their children, they conceived of a plan that included deceiving the Sabin’s and kidnappingRead MoreSlavery in Roman Republic2798 Words   |  12 PagesDuring the Roman Republic, Ancient Rome was at its very beginnings and a civilization was just being created. Like any other civilization there were different levels of status between classes and several positions of power in which people could obtain. Subsequently, just as there were people of power and wealth, there were also people of little to no power and poverty. The Ancient Romans utilized the institution of slavery to help promote their civilization and became a major factor in the economy

Assignment Communication Profile Free Essays

During the course of the day, I spent just as much time listening as I did talking so I guess it is 50/50. I thought before doing this chart that I did not talk much but after I look at it I spend just as much time listing as I do talking. After noticing that most of my day is silent because no one is at home I think I need to find something to do during the day. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment Communication Profile or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to the different types of listing such as comprehensive listening, empathetic listening, critical listening and appreciative listening I noticed I use mostly appreciative listening and empathetic listening. Because I am A stay at home mom about the only conversations I have are with my daughter and her daddy so I spend most of my time soothing them and helping them with there problems and just being there to listen to them. I think I need the most improvement in critical listening because some times I tend to loose the whole idea of the conversations I am in and find my self daydreaming and blocking people out. I think improving on critical listing will help me a lot because not only will I be listing to what people have to say I would actually be paying attrition and understand what they are talking about.I think to improve on this listing skill I will need to get out of the house more often and communicate with different types of people. Over all I think my listing and communications skills could use some work. I think most of my problem is being stuck inside the house except for one day a month when I do errands and shop for food. I think getting out and meeting new people and commun icating with friend would help me out a great deal. I think with a few minor adjustment to my normal day to day life will help me in a big way.Now when I go out I will pay more attrition to my communication skills. Because who knows what people think of me when I go out and they try to speak to me and I just smile and shake my head and they can tell I am not listing to what they are saying. Now since I am paying more attention to the way I communicate I have practiced it with my family and they told me I was acting different because now I actually take in everything that have to say.I also communicate more with them than I use to and they say I seem like a different person. I enjoy the time I have with my family now and pay more attention to my communication skills. They said before I was like a knot on a log I was always in a daze and never really said anything back to them when they were talking. Now I am on my way to better communication skills not just in my personal life but my social life as well. How to cite Assignment Communication Profile, Papers

West Hertfordshire Hospital Market Planning

Question: Explain the whole hospital strength,weakness,opportunity,threats of West Hertfordshire Hospital? Answer: 1.0 Introduction: For the business purpose analyzing of both the internal and external marketing approaches is literally significant. For this current researcher work the researcher is going to focus on West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust and the marketing policies applied by this particular hospital. The researcher is also going to shed light on the sophisticated aspect of business approach. 2.0 Situation Analysis: West Hertfordshire Hospital is devoted at providing acute healthcare service to the common people. The hospital covers a wide range of area of Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, North London and other adjacent areas. Having 4000 employees within its circumference, this hospital stands to be one of the significant hospitals (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, 2015). The hospital seems to be responsible of taking care of more than a million of patients round the year. Providing of the safe and secured service to the patients appears to be the aim of the organization. Though the organization provides an intense service to the common people it run after fulfilling the organizational and financial objectives as well (Lomas and Giridharan, 2012). Along with providing an intense service and care to the patients the trust is also responsible of paying to a large number of employees including doctors, nurses and other medical staffs. Improving of patients experience while being treated within its circumference helps in attending the organizational ethics. Attending the patients in emergency also stands to be helpful for the development of the organization. As this hospital provides elective, outpatient and emergency services, the approach of the hospital is really intrinsic. A vast range of service is being provided to the patients with intense sophistication. 3.0 Industry and Environmental Analysis: In order to provide a range of extensive service for West Hertfordshire Hospital, the authority has segmented the patients as well. The structural environment analysis of its customers is helpful to attain the competitive advantages at the same time. Mavromaras (2006) has stated that as the unit provides an immense service to its patients West Hertfordshire Hospital focuses on behavioral and psychographic segmentation. According to the behavioral approach of the patient, the hospital tenders the suitable service to the patient. At the same time, attaining the patients faith and their family members by rendering a intensive service to the patients help in developing the psychographic development of the organization. Weir (2008) has critically stated that providing an immense service to the customers help the organization to be developed. PESTLE Analysis: In order to analyze the external environment of an organization helps in delineating the market orientation of the organization. This includes the attributes like political, economical, social, technical, legal and environmental issues. Political Issues: Care Quality Commission (CQC) targets at new operational strategies. Recent changes in the government policies have improved the relationship between the hospital and the patients. By increasing of the relationship with PCT helps in developing the customer service as well. Political imperativeness acts on West Hertfordshire Hospitals growth. Figure 1: PESTEL Analysis (Source: Cook et al. 2004) Economical Issues: UK economy since the past few years has been passing through an intense recession. The health sector appears to be the most affected in this approach. Similarly, West Hertfordshire Hospital has been in need of immense expansion which has submerged it into an immense level of debt. At the same time, the maintenance cost of the different medical apparatus is increasing, resulting in immense economic deprivation for the organization (Pillay and Moncrieff, 2011). Different other trusts seem to have shown their interest in expanding their hospital branches in Hertfordshire which stands o be a real challenge for West Hertfordshire Hospital. Social Issues: Population growth of the Hertfordshire in the recent years has received an immense boost. Therefore, the public service demand has also increased intrinsically. As both the consumer and the government are assertive in their approaches of public service, the role of West Hertfordshire Hospital in managing the social ethics is literally sophisticated (Yuksel, 2012). West Hertfordshire Hospital also emphasizes on the green trading and slashing down of the usage of carbon. Focusing on the balance between the care of the patients and their family members West Hertfordshire Hospital has kept an example before the other hospitals as well. Technological Issues: West Hertfordshire Hospital let the outdoor patients to take appointments of the physicians and doctors through its website. At the same time, the data and information of the patients is kept digitally. With the approval from NICE, technological development of the medical equipments has brought an immense clinical achievement for West Hertfordshire Hospital (Weir, 2008). It also shares the data of the critical patients with the other trusts which helps in providing a moderate service to the patients. Legal Issues: West Hertfordshire Hospital significantly follows the Health and Social Care Bill of 2011 which helps the organization in emboldening its services being provided to the customers. West Hertfordshire Hospital also follows the Health Act of 2009 and NHS Act of 2010 which pave more ways for providing services to the patients. Environmental Issues: West Hertfordshire Hospital focuses on minimizing of carbon emission and reducing of the energy usage. It keeps its units and hospitals clean which cuts down the infection rate as well. At the same time, transportability links are also intrinsically maintained by the hospital. 4.0 Competitor Analysis: Strengths: Potential leadership and vision of West Hertfordshire Hospital is intrinsic which helps in the development of the hospitality management. The current performance of the organization is really intrinsic. Good reputation of the hospital is considered to be strength (Trust, 2015). Low infection rate in comparison with the other hospital has given West Hertfordshire Hospital more potentiality. The economic condition of the Hertfordshire Hospital is literally sophisticated which let organizational strengths to be emboldened. Weaknesses: Low investment for the organization stands to be a real problem. West Hertfordshire Hospital is intrinsically suffering from the economical crunch (Mail Online, 2014). Low level of liquidity has included an immense weakness for West Hertfordshire Hospital. Opportunities: As the demand of treating the ailing patients is increasing, it helps in future development of West Hertfordshire Hospital. With the increase of the health expenditure need of balancing between the private and public ethics of hospitals is mandatory (Trust, 2015). Demand of primary and secondary care units is also increasing these days. With the growth of the population, number of patients is also increasing which opens the opportunities for the Hertfordshire Hospital. Threats: Economic changes of the climate are a real threat for the hospital. Economic decline of the market is a real threat for the organization. Difficulty in managing the political atmosphere is a threat for West Hertfordshire Hospital. Table 1: SWOT Analysis West Hertfordshire Hospital has to face an intense and teething competition with the other trust hospitals in Hertfordshire. Being attracted more trusts are showing their interest investing here. Hertfordshire Hospital conducts the portfolio analysis in the regular intervals to assess the organizational ethos. Changing in the market conditions and to identify the necessities of the customers of the market, necessary approaches are needed to be taken. According to the changing of the ethics Hertfordshire Hospital also applies the circumstantial changes. It also let the organization to cherish more competitive advantage. Handling the threats intrinsically casts an intrinsic effect on the development of the business of the hospital. By focusing on the strengths and with handling the opportunities, there is a huge scopes open for Hertfordshire Hospital to be used. As the hospital is financially strong, it is having the opportunities to develop its mechanical hemisphere. At the same time, technical development of the hospital is also helpful to manage the organizational development. To meet with the opportunities, the approach of the hospital is literally ethical to be helpful as it is having a better future ahead. The current performance of the hospital also creates faith among h people which in the coming days will be helpful. 5.0 Conclusion: Throughout this research work the researcher has prepared the situation and environmental analysis of Hertfordshire Hospital. Focus has been stated on the approaches of competitive analysis which identifies the major competitors of the organization. The researcher has also shed light on the ethical issues for managing the business orientation of Hertfordshire Hospital. Finally, by defining the key drivers of changes, the researcher portrays the strategies for the hospital following which success in the business can be achieved. Reference List: Books Cook, S., Macaulay, S. and Coldicott, H. (2004).Change management excellence. London: Kogan Page. Johri, A. (2010).Business analysis. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Journals Lomas, K. and Giridharan, R. (2012). Thermal comfort standards, measured internal temperatures and thermal resilience to climate change of free-running buildings: A case-study of hospital wards.Building and Environment, 55, pp.57-72. Mavromaras, K. (2006). Promotion to hospital consultant: regression analysis using NHS administrative data.BMJ, 332(7534), pp.148-151. Pillay, P. and Moncrieff, J. (2011). Contribution of psychiatric disorders to occupation of NHS beds: analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics.The Psychiatrist, 35(2), pp.56-59. Weir, N. (2008). John Farley: Formerly Consultant Psychiatrist, Fairfield Hospital, Hertfordshire.Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(6), pp.238-238. Yuksel, I. (2012). Developing a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Model for PESTEL Analysis.IJBM, 7(24). Websites Mail Online, (2014).Betrayal of 800 cancer patients: Investigation after clerical error leaves two dead, hundreds at risk. [online] Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2551858/Betrayal-800-cancer-patients-Investigation-clerical-error-leaves-two-dead-hundreds-risk.html [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. nibusinessinfo.co.uk, (2015).nibusinessinfo.co.uk. [online] Available at: https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Trust, W. (2015).West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust. [online] Westhertshospitals.nhs.uk. Available at: https://www.westhertshospitals.nhs.uk/ [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015].

Hedda Gabler Essays - Hedda Gabler, Hedda, , Term Papers

Hedda Gabler Throughout Hedda Gabler my perception of Hedda was influenced by many of the theatre languages. From the costumes she wore, the props she used, and the lighting that illuminated the stage, all of the languages had an enormous effect on my perception of Hedda. The first language that influenced my perception of her character was her costumes. The theatre language that caught my eye first was the use of Heddas costumes. As the play began she was wearing a bright elegant gown; without using the knowledge I already had about her from reading the play, this to me demonstrated her attempt to appear sane and in control of her life. As the scenes changed, so did her costumes; she began to wear darker colored gowns and at the same time her characters persona became darker also. In the last scene she is wearing a black gown with a touch of red; this influenced my perception a great deal. The small amount of red in her dress played a role in influencing my perception of her character. To me, the color red reminds me of blood and this idea along with many other aspects seen in the play, showed the pain and suffering Hedda had been through or put herself through. By examining her final costume, it was easy to see that this was the final chapter in her life. She was wearing the darkest color of them all, black, which is almost always associated with death; and as seen in the end of the play it fits in perfectly. Along with the use of costumes, the props Hedda handled throughout the play also influenced my idea of her character. During the beginning of the play Hedda casually lights and smokes a cigarette; this in my opinion did not seem like a normal thing for a presentable lady to do in those days. This gave me the idea that Hedda was somewhat rebellious and did not portray the proper manners a lady was supposed to. Along with her smoking habit, the idea that she randomly fired her two pistols into the garden, nearly missing the judge at one point also influenced my opinion about her character. Reemphasizing her rebelliousness, this act also showed her lack of respect for human life; firing a pistol in the general direction of anyone demonstrates a complete disregard for the life of the person being fired upon. With these props being used as they were, my perception of Hedda changed dramatically. The last language that influenced my perception of Hedda was the use of lighting. During the pre-show, I noticed a tree-like figure being portrayed on the curtain. This particular use of lighting showed the tree as being partially dead and had lost some of its leaves. This represented my perception of Hedda very appropriately; she was dying inside and had lost some of her sanity. As the first act ended, the curtain now displayed a different tree with fewer leaves and a more deathly look about it. This could also be seen in Hedda, as she is even more distraught than before and begins to show more signs of her insanity. This trend continued with the next two acts as the tree lost more leaves and in the end was nothing more than a bare shell of a tree. My perception of Hedda at this point was one of complete hopelessness; she was nothing more than an empty shell of the woman she was before. With the dead leafless tree in mind it was easy to have my perception of Hedda influenced; I coul d see that she had nothing more to live for and would end the play in that manner. Examining only these three theatre languages, I acquired a pretty clear perception of Heddas character. Using these languages Heddas subtext was easily deciphered and very apparent throughout the play. These languages by themselves created a very complex character; at the same time, by examining these languages as a whole made her character very easy to perceive. Theater

Geometric Isomers Definition and Examples

Geometric Isomers Definition and Examples Isomers are chemical species that have the same chemical formulas, yet are different from each other. For example, learn about geometric isomerization: Geometric Isomer Definition Geometric isomers are chemical species with the same type and quantity of atoms as another species, yet having a different geometric structure. Atoms or groups exhibit different spatial arrangements on either side of a chemical bond or ring structure. Geometric isomerism is also called configurational isomerism or cis-trans isomerism. Note cis-trans isomerism is a different description of geometry than E-Z isomerism. The terms cis and trans are from the Latin words cis, meaning on this side. and trans, meaning on the other side. When substituents are both oriented in the same direction as each other (on the same side), the diastereomer is called cis. When the substituents are on opposing sides, the orientation is trans. Cis and trans geometric isomers exhibit different properties, including boiling points, reactivities, melting points, densities, and solubilities. Trends in these differences are attributed to the effect of the overall dipole moment. The dipoles of trans substituents cancel each other out, which the dipoles of cis substituents are additive. In alkenes, trans isomers have higher melting points, lower solubility, and greater symmetry than cis isomers. Identifying Geometric Isomers Skeletal structures maybe be written with crossed lines for bonds to indicate geometric isomers. The IUPAC does not recommend the crossed line notation anymore, preferring wavy lines connecting a double bond to a heteroatom. When known, the ratio of cis- to trans- structures should be indicated. Cis- and trans- are given as prefixes to chemical structures. Examples of Geometric Isomers Two geometric isomers exist for Pt(NH3)2Cl2, one in which the species are arranged around the Pt in the order Cl, Cl, NH3, NH3, and another in which the species are ordered NH3, Cl, NH3, Cl.

Contract Negotiations in Business Law Case Study

Contract Negotiations in Business Law - Case Study Example The second error that is challenged by the insurance company is the circuit court's judgment affirming the defenses lodged by Jones and Lee-Curtis. The second assignment of error is dispositive. The dispute actually rests on the query as to whether Augusta Mutual's adjusted third-party motion for judgment affirmed unjust claims for fraud in the inducement and/or breach of fiduciary duty. It may also be that as Jones and Lee-Curtis challenge, which the insurance company tried to change what was in fact a breach of contract claim into actionable tort claims. The principles guiding the trial court's review is based on a judgment sustaining demurrers are well established. "The purpose of a demurrer is to determine whether a motion for judgment states a cause of action upon which the requested relief may be granted." Tronfeld v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 272 Va. 709, 712, 636 S.E.2d 447, 449 (2006) (citing Welding, Inc. v. Bland County Serv. Auth., 261 Va. 218, 226, 541 S.E.2d 909, 913 (2001)). "A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of facts alleged in pleadings, not the strength of proof." Glazebrook v. Board of Supervisors, 266 Va. 550, 554, 587 S.E.2d 589, 591 (2003). Actually, in this case Jones when he signed the report he did it intentionally to get a commission for himself and Lee-Curtis and thus he misrepresented material

Media archeological analysis of a technological Essay

Media archeological analysis of a technological - Essay Example s and valve amplifiers are low current and high voltage devices that normally operate at relatively lower voltages and higher currents for a similar level of power. The trait of high voltage makes the tube and valve amplifies to be suited for radio transmitters. The valves amplifiers are used in the contemporary society in instances such as high power radio transmitters. Experts argue that valve amplifiers shall reduce noise that is typically experienced in Wi-FI systems, without losing their musical and the treble details. Various transistor amplifiers sound harshness and they emphasize the loud sound that is found in the CD players. The transistor amplifiers have a tendency of emphasizing the sibilance of the soft sounds. The valve amplifiers are classified into different classes. The class A amplifiers lack crossover distortion at the lowest levels. Moreover, the valve amplifiers permit an individual to heat the â€Å"silence† amid the notes, followed by silence (or the note dying echo in the concert hall) immediately followed by silence (or dying note echo in the concert hall. The classes â€Å"A† valve amplifiers have significant â€Å"silence† amid the instrument and notes that create an exceptionally stereo image on quality loudspeakers, If the volume of the valve amplifiers is adjusted. Valve and tube amplifiers are used mainly in guitars as well as in high-end-audio as a result of the sound quality that they produce, and as a result of their linear nature that results from their low distortion. Valve and tube amplifiers are vastly out of date in other places as a result of their higher consumption of power, weight and reliability when compared to other transistors. Telephony is another application where valve and tube amplifiers are used. This is for the reason that a solitary valve repeater amplifier can increase various calls at one instance, and thus it is cost effective. In the present society tube and valve amplifiers are mainly used for musical

Developing Early Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Developing Early Literacy - Essay Example Language development entails learning four strands namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. Oracy skills fall under listening and speaking while literacy skills fall under reading and writing. This paper will explore the links between oracy and literacy and how skills development in communication, language and literacy skills of very young children (aged 3-5 years) can be supported with various learning strategies, mostly including books and shared stories. The government’s flagship programme for children and young people aptly named Every Child Matters, makes it their mission to achieve five outcomes for children. These outcomes, identified by the children themselves, are as follows: â€Å"to be healthy; to stay safe; to enjoy and achieve; to make a positive contribution; and to achieve economic well-being† (HM Government, 2007). Speech, language and communication underpin achievement of every one of these outcomes. Inability to communicate effectively puts children at risk of poor outcomes such as struggling to engage in and enjoy education since most aspects of education are based on language use. The Rose Review (2009) made a clear connection between strong speaking and listening skills and children’s ability to learn and read. That is why communication, language and literacy has been identified and targeted to be one of the specific learning areas in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS, 2007). A great deal of a child’s acquisition of linguistic structure occurs during the first five years of life. This is the period when he is most active in discerning a set of underlying organizational principles of language from the expression that surrounds him. It is amazing how at a very young age, he is capable of abstracting meaning from direct experience with other language users depending on his own context. Beaty

Combining quantitative and qualitative methods

Combining quantitative and qualitative methods For many years qualitative and quantitative methods of research were seen as two distinct methods which could not be combined due to their differences. However, the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has become widely advocated by researchers due to its pragmatism; as Douglas puts it: Since all research methods have costs and benefits, and since they differ greatly in their particular costs and benefits, a researcher generally finds it best to use some combination or mixture of methods. (1976:30) However, it is an imperative for any researcher to take into consideration the technicalities and complexities of combining research methods. This essay will argue that it is possible to combine quantitative and qualitative methods; furthermore, it is desirable. It is often said that two opposites usually attract and there is no divergence in this instance, even though it is said that the only similarities these two methodological positions share are many of the same characters in their names. This essay will begin by briefly explaining the two methods. It will secondly highlight the embedded methods argument and criticise it in order to justify the desirability of combining the two methods. This essay then aims to to dispel the common argument that combining the two methods is not desirable due to many researchers not having the relavent expertise. This essay will then analyse the purist criticisms of combining quantitative and qualitative methods before it presents the pragmatist p osition which highlights the desirability of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. This essay then argues that triangulation shows that it is both possible and desirable to combine the two methods, due to it contributing to the completeness and conformation of research. In conclusion this essay will argue that it is both desirable and possible to combine quantitative and qualitative methods and that mixed methods research has nearly won the paradigm wars due to its substance. Quantitative research methods tend to be ontologically foundationalist in that both natural and social phenomena are assumed to have an existence that is independent of the activities of the human observer (Blaikie, 2007: 13). Therefore, they believe in objectivity in research being possible. Research of this sort is usually epistemologically positivist, in that they believe that social science is analogous to the natural sciences. They look for causal explanations through the use of scientific laws in order to explain social phenomena thus developing explanatory, and indeed predictive, models. (Marsh and Furlong, 2002: 20). Examples of quantitative data are questionnaires, structured interviews and statistical analysis of official data. Whereas qualitative research methods tend to be ontologically anti-foundationalist in that what we regard as the external world is just appearances and has no independent existence apart from our thoughts (2007: 13). Therefore, the world is socially or discursively constructed and as a result objectivity in research is not possible. They usual encompass a non-positivist epistemology such as the interpretist tradition in which these researchers are concerned with understanding, not explanation, focuses on the meaning that actions have for agentsand offers their results as one interpretation of the relationship between the social phenomena studied. (2002: 21) Qualitative research usually works with smaller amounts of data unlike quantitative research. Some variants of qualitative research are focus groups, case studies and unstructured interviews. One of the main criticisms of combining qualitative and quantitative methods lies with the embedded methods argument that is posed by researchers who take a purist stance. They argue that quantitative and qualitative methods cannot be combined as this will compromise ones ontological and epistemological position. According to Marsh and Furlong your ontological and epistemological positions are like a skin not a sweater (2002: 17). Therefore, researchers cannot interchange between their adopted positions for different research projects as they reflect fundamental different approaches to what social science is and how we do it (2002: 21). They argue that the researchers ontological and epistemological positions affect all aspects of ones research. So for example, if one is ontologically foundationalist they cannot also argue people are able to socially construct certain aspects of life, such as gender. Or if you are epistemologically interpritivist you cannot use the natural sciences a s a precursor in the study of the social sciences. As shown above there certainly are differences amongst the two methods; however, does this mean it is undesirable to combine the two? It is very important for researchers to take into account their ontological and epistemological positions (as shown above they play an important role within research), although, researchers should not treat their ontological and epistemological positions as the most fundamental aspect for research. Combining the two methods is desirable, as one must not be overwhelmed by the higher philosophical debate, as many researchers have been in the past, because this makes you forget that as a researcher undertaking a project you wish to undertake the best research possible and in order to do this you must understand that each method has a very crucial role to play in furthering our grasp and knowledge of the research question. Therefore one must understand that Qualitative and quantitative research makes up a false dichotomy There are many right ways to approa ch research, not only one right way. (Newman et al cited in Teddie and Tashakkori, 2009:28) Therefore, this idea that the different research methods have fixed epistemological and ontological positions that cannot be compromised is very hard to sustain. It is hard to sustain because, as critical realists argue, one can see the world as being both ontologically foundationalist and anti-foundationalist, in that you could believe that the world exists and is independent to a certain extent as the knowledge about it is socially constructed. Also, epistemologically, yes it is important to take into account your epistemological stance; however, there are certain instances when it is necessary to look at the research question from a positivist stance and other instances when the research should be interpretivist. As Howe illustrates through the use of Kaplans story, were a drunken man searches under a lamp for his, which he had dropped a fair distance away. When asked why he was looking there and not where he dropped it, he said that the reason was because it was lighter where he was looking. Howe then argues that The incompatibility thesis, like the drunkards search, permits the lights to determine what is to be looked for and where. But why should paradigms determine the kind of work one may do with inquiry any more than the amount of illumination should determine where one may conduct a search? (Howe, 1988: 13). Whilst considering whether or not it is possible and desirable to combine quantitative and qualitative research, one has come across a common argument in many articles and books. This being, that many researchers, do not have the skills and training to carry out both quantitative and qualitative research (Bryman, 2008: 624). However, in my opinion this is understandable but ludicrous. Due to researchers in the past taking the position of either/or it is understandable that not all researchers have the necessary training to conduct such research, however, this is no excuse and it is time to take a more both-and perspective. It is almost like saying a goalkeeper that has learnt to save the ball on his left hand should not try and learn to use both hands even if it will improve his goalkeeping skills as this is how he has learnt to play. Therefore, this should not be used as an excuse, moreover, it should be more of an encouragement to overcome this challenge because as pragmatists argu e, as a researcher if you believe in this papers argument that combining the two methods are both desirable and possible then you as a researcher must strive to do whatever you can to produce the best possible research you can. Purists tend to emphasise the ontological, epistemological, and axiological (the role of values in inquiry) differences. This incompatibility thesis is well stated by Smith, who says: One approach takes a subject-object position on the relationship to subject matter; the other takes a subject-subject position. One separates facts and values, while the other sees them as inextricably mixed. One searches for laws, and the other seeks understanding. These positions do not seem compatible. (1983: 12) Therefore, according to these theorists it is neither possible nor desirable to combine qualitative and quantitative methods as you would only be dooming your research for failure due to the inherent differences between the methods. However, other researchers which come from a pragmatist background argue that this is not the case and the differences are exaggerated and overdrawn. Rather than being wed to a particular theoretical style and its most compatible method, one might instead combine methods that would encourage or even require integration of different theoretical perspectives to interpret the data. (Brewer Hunter, 1989: 74) Pragmatism thus is thus is the belief in the ability to combine qualitative and quantitative methods without compromising your ontological and epistemological positions. Johnson and Onwuegbuzie define the main characteristics of pragmatism as follows. It recognises the existence of this real world that positivists talk about but it also recognises this world which relies on socially and discursively constructed phenomena. For example, take gender again, it argues that yes gender does exist in that there are men and there are women, however, through discourse we have constructed gender in that we have attached further meaning to them (men are not meant to cry but instead should act manly, whilst women should be emotional and weak). It views knowledge as being both constructed and based on the reality of the world we experience and live in. It views theories instrumentally. It endorses empiricism as the way to find out what works. It endorses eclecticism and pluralism in that one can f ind different and conflicting perspectives useful to enhance ones understanding of people and the world. Also, current truth, meaning and knowledge are changing over time, therefore, one should treat research as only provisional truth at it could change in a matter of time (2004: 18). This is a very realistic way of overcoming many of the criticisms of purists when combining methods even though it has some criticism itself. When put under the microscope it has been deemed to be very practical. This pragmatist position has highlighted the desirability of combining qualitative and quantitative methods by unravelling the purist incompatibility thesis through the rejection of the historical dualisms commonly associated with these methods; and this essay will go on to proving that it is also possible to combine these methods. One way in which researchers can successfully combine qualitative and quantitative methods is through triangulation. Even though there are many methods of combining qualitative and quantitative methods, such as, completeness, offset, process. This essay will focus on triangulation due to the space and time limitations. The early use of the term triangulation was not found in social science but instead, navigation and surveying. This term was used to describe when different bearings are taken, in order to be lead to a specific physical location, however, the second bearing here was not used to check the first bearing but instead they work together in order to indentify that specific location(Brannen, 2005:12). Denzin distinguished between the triangulation within methods and the triangulation between methods. Although, this essay will concentrate on the triangulation between methods, it is important to note that the triangulation within methods is desirable if need be, however, it doe s not solve any of the fundamental problems inherited by single method research. The methodological triangulation of Denzin(1978) refers to the combination of multiple methods [as] no method alone can adequately treat all problems of discovery and testing.'(Mouton and Marais, 1996: 2006). Johnson and Onwuegbuzie take the term to mean, seeking convergence and corroboration of results from different methods and designs studying the same phenomenon (2004: 22). For Jick it is largely a vehicle for cross validation when two or more distinct methods are found to be congruent and yield comparable data. (1979: 602). It is already clear that the term triangulation has a plurality of meanings varying from researcher to researcher. However, the core principles of triangulation aim to increase the validity of studies, by overcoming the inherent biases and limitations of either of the methods through using two or more methods which lead to the same findings. Therefore, if someone was conducting a study to investigate the link between age and who you vote for, they should not only look at the statistics but also question people on why they voted the way they have, because there could be reasons such as tactical voting, were for example someone only voted Labour because they did not want the Conservatives to get elected and if the situation was different they would have ideally voted for the Liberal Democrats. The use of the two different methods can help you falsify and understand your results in much more depth than you would by just using the one method. Jick (1979) conducted a study of anxiety and job insecurity of employees during a merger. This study used data from, co-worker observations, interviews, questionnaires and company archival records. The use of the different sources of data allowed Jick to see different perspectives on the situations effects on the employees. Jick had also found that when the use of the different methods did not corroborate each other it led to him seeking explanations for divergent results [and as a result], the researcher may uncover unexpected results or unseen contextual factors (1979: 608). Jicks study shows that combining quantitative and qualitative methods through triangulation can lead to better research as an implication of the increased validity and sometimes vigour it contributes to the study in question. However, it is important to understand that the two methods should not be combined for the sake of it or just because a researcher believes that, more is good, as in many instances this is not the case. Therefore, researchers must make sure that they only combine research when the conditions are right. In conclusion, triangulation has not only shown that it is desirable to combine quantitative and qualitative methods, but it has also shown that it is possible to combine the two methods , due to it contributing to the completeness and conformation of research. One only has to look at the shifting of the so called paradigm wars (Oakley, 1999) in order to see that it is both possible and desirable to combine quantitative and qualitative methods. Since the beginning of this so called war the proponents of both quantitative and qualitative methods have criticised each others methods and defended their own. The lack of a clear winner was one of the main reasons the combination of the two methods became so popular in the past and now the mixed methods approach has become very popular. This essay has shown that it is both possible and desirable to combine the methods and The growing popularity of mixed methods research would seem to signal the end of the paradigm wars (2008: 625). Even though mixed method research has many difficulties and criticisms itself, I believe that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages by far, as it adds breadth and depth to the analysis of the research. As Mingers correctly points out, the attractiveness of multimeth od research, in terms of the richness and increased validity of the results, will work in its favour in the long run (2003: 246). Both this richness and validity talked about by many researchers such as Mingers, is a compelling argument for the combination of quantitative and qualitative research and this essay has shown that it is possible to combine the two methods through the use of triangulation. This essay began by briefly explaining the two methods. It then went on to highlight the embedded methods argument before criticising it for not being sustainable. This essay then dismissed the common argument that combining the two methods is not desirable due to many researchers not having the relevant expertise by arguing that due to the desirability and practicality of mixed methods approaches researcher should find a way to mix the two methods in order to undertake better research when necessary. This essay then analysed the purist criticisms of combining quantitative and qualitative methods before it presented the pragmatist position which highlighted the desirability of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. This essay then argued that triangulation shows that it is both possible and desirable to combine the two methods, due to it contributing to the completeness and conformation of research. This essay concluded by arguing that it is both desirable and possible to co mbine quantitative and qualitative methods and that mixed methods research has nearly won the paradigm wars. Bibliography Blaikie, Norman, (2007) Approaches to Social Enquiry, Polity Press: Cambridge Brewer, J., and Hunter, A, (1989) Multimethod research: A synthesis of styles, Sage: California. Bryman, Alan (2008) Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press: New York Creswell, J. W. (1995). Research Design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage: Thousand Oaks Douglas, Jack D. (1976) Investigative Social Research, Sage: Beverley Hills Denzin, N. K (1978) The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods, McGraw-Hill: New York Greenberg, J. and R. Folger (1988) Controversial issues in social research methods. Springer-Verlag: New York Guba, G. and E. Lincoln, (1994) Competing Paradigms in qualitative research, In N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research (p105-117), Sage: Thousand Oaks Howe, Kenneth R. (1988). Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis (or dogmas die hard). Educational researcher, Vol. 17, p.10-16. Marsh, David and Furlong, Paul, (2002) Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science in Marsh, David and Stoker, Gerry, Theory and Methods in Political Science, (MacMillan: Basingstoke), pp. 17-41 Mingers, John, (2003) The paucity of multimethod research: a review of the information systems literature, Info Systems Journal, Vol. 13, p. 233-249 Mouton, Johann and Marais HC, (1996) Basic Concepts: in the methodology of the social sciences, HSRC Publishers: Pretoria Jick, Todd D. (1979), Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, p. 602-611 Jick, Todd D. (1985). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. In Van Mannen (Ed.) Qualitative methodology (p135-148). Sage Publications: Beverly Hills Johnson, Burke R. And Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. (2004), Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come, Educational Researcher, Vol. 33, p. 14-26 Newman et al cited in Teddie, Charles and Tashakkori, Abbas, (2009), Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Sage Publications: California Oakley, Ann (1999), Paradigm wars: some thoughts on a personal and public trajectory, International Journal of social research methodology, Vol. 2, p. 247-254 Brannen, Julia, Mixed Methods Research: A discussion paper, NCRM Methods review papers, ESRC, Institute of Eduation, University of London Smith, John K. (1983) Quantitative versus qualitative research: An attempt to clarify the issue Educational Researcher, Vol.12, p. 6-13.

Fascades of Current Society Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history women, men, and children have all felt the pressures and manipulations by the media through some faà §ade style form or shape. A Faà §ade by definition is a false, superficial, or artificial appearance or effect, which is primarily imposed or placed on an object, group, or even individual. Through the use of words, deliberate images, and material items advertised within society, as a result have become pressures felt by all types of individuals. Many of these pressures forced upon individuals, prevalent in society today, has in turn created a false sense of ideals and an artificial basis of reality. Men, women, and children all wear some form of a mask in a faà §ade sense as an attempt of self defense against one another, which is clearly an affect of the media’s dominance. In turn, we are all targets and victims to the controlling media weather we realize it or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertisers have shaped and evolved our society from the beginning and has made it into what exists currently: It defines what it is to be a â€Å"Girl† or a â€Å"Boy†, even a man or woman, and images presented of these â€Å"supposed† ideal gender definitions have become the basis for our decisions made in our lives everyday. These pressures of social definitions overtake men, women, and children’s thoughts; some of which are feelings the having to look or act a certain way in order to be beautiful or accepted in this world severely obsessed with appearances as a basis for self-worth. From the clothes one chooses to wear or the product chosen to consume, all are somehow related to the media’s images seen in magazines, newspapers, internet, and television advertisements. Messages conveyed through all forms of common media known to contemporary man affects them subconsciously regardless of age, color, beliefs, or any aspect which many diversify one man from another, one woman from another woman, etc. Advertisers pursue knowledge of society’s defining aspects and embrace all diversities of individuals in order to be able to target their product or message to all these parties. Advertisers have been quite successful, but in part gave birth to an obsessive and consumptive society which has severely damaged the aspect of personal identity, especially among young women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of anyone wearing a type of meta... ...es. Authors even depict their major and famous characters display the negative effects on physical and mental attributes from media based aspects. One way or another, the business world of advertising and marketing will find any way possible to affect individuals in a manner to benefit them. And even it means pressuring young girls to starve themselves, forcing them to wear a metaphorical mask of false beauty, all in order to sell, sell, sell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This mask does not literally reflect what I personally wear metaphorically, but there are some themes which I admit have thought over. Nor do I deny that the media has brainwashed me along with everyone else, but at least I am able to recognize the problem society faces. The truth is girls and boys should not be obsessing what lies on their outsides, but rather what lies within. This inner beauty is what everyone needs to realize and get in touch with. There are so many other qualities within everyone and this is where true beauty lies. It is a beauty that wearing a mask of make-up of designed clothes cannot deny or illuminate, and lies within is a major part of ourselves which must be nourished and cultivated.

Clostridium Difficile (C.diff)

Clostridium Difficle is a nosocomial infection acquired mostly in hospitals. In 2005 it was consider the most precarious infection to bombard North American in a decade. Armed with knowledge about the infection, transmission, environmental factors, alternative treatments, prevention and ways to control C. diff healthcare workers can better be prepared to help fight the spread of this deadly infection. A C. Diff, its transmission and environmental factors C. diff is a gram –positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria. It colonizes the intestinal tract of those infected after normal intestinal flora has been disrupted by antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis of C. diff is based on clinical symptoms supported by endoscopic finding or stool testing for the presence of the pathogens or toxins. Patients that has taken antibiotics within the past 3 months or a patient that has diarrhea 72 hours after hospitalization should be tested. ELISA is the test used to diagnosis C. diff. It checks for the toxin A or B or both. C. diff incubation period is 1 to 2 weeks. Asymptomatic carriage can range from severe diarrhea, pseudo membranous colitis, toxic mega colon, intestinal perforation, and death from secondary sepsis. C. diff toxin founded in stool ranges from 1% to 2% in normal population to 10% in hospital inpatients and up to 85% to 90% in patients with proven AAPMC. Some risk factors for C. diff includes being over the age of 65, patients who are immunocompromised, gastrointestinal surgery and procedures, gastrointestinal stimulants, antiperistaltic drugs and proton pump inhibitors. The transmission of C. diff can be transmitted by another patient. The transmission can be via commodes, thermometers, bedside tables, floors, and other objects in rooms used by a patient with C. diff. It can also be transmitted from the hands of healthcare workers. That’s why it’s important for healthcare workers to use proper hand hygiene techqines. Healthcare workers must wash hands with soap and water because antiseptic hand santaniers doesn’t destroy C. diff. Environmental factors also play a huge part in the transmission of C. diff. Healthcare professions should know the proper environmental disinfectants to use. Housekeeping staff should ensure proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and the environment. Patient’s rooms should be properly cleaned at least once a day with proper equipment for isolation rooms. In order to stop the transmission of C. diff all departments must work together to secure that C. diff transmission isn’t constantly transmitted to other patients. Treatments C. diff will usually clear in 20% to 25% of patients with mild infection and the discontinuation of precipitating antibiotic. When patients have moderate to severe diarrhea or colitis oral metronidazole is a treatment used for 10-14 days at a total of three times a day. Metronidazole achievement rate is usually 95% effective. Vancomycin is also used for 10-14 days at a total of four times a day. Vancomycin sometimes promote emergence of VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci). If a patient develops fulminant colitis admittance to ICU is necessary and an emergency colectomy is performed because of severe ileus or impending perforation. Mortality rate is 30% to 80% if surgery is performed. Prevention. Prevention of C. diff starts with avoiding the use of antibiotics that are associated with high rates of C. diff. Healthcare staff, housekeeping, dietary, and maintenance should be informed on the transmission and precautions of C. diff. When C. diff is suspected or verified patient should be place in isolation. The proper precautions should be placed on the door of the resident and visitors should be directed to nursing station before admittance into the room of a person with C. diff. Healthcare workers should drape with gowns and gloves for all contact to prevent the spreading of C. iff. Proper handing washing should be done with hand soap and water because sanitizer with alcohol doesn’t help in the fight against C. diff. Patient care equipment should remain in the room throughout isolation. Patient rooms and equipment should be cleaned with bleach, alkaline gluteraldehyde, or ethylene oxide. Always remember never to mix different solutions because this can cause toxic vapors. All rooms should be terminal cleaned once patient is discharged to prevent further spreading of C. diff. Health Promotion and Wellness Strategy. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has tool kits for healthcare professional. CDC offers up-to-date information, recommended infection control measures, and tools for outbreak response coordination and reporting. CDC also has resources on how to implement and improve antibiotic stewardship efforts. To sum it up all educating healthcare professional on how to stop the transmission and prevention of C. diff can help stop the spreading of C. diff. Learning how to keep yourself as well as the patients free from C. diff can be controlled if everyone works together.

Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Case Study

AbstractNext to first-hand experience, case studies are one of the best ways to learn project management skills. In The Crosby Manufacturing Corporation case study, Harold Kerzner reports on the executive-level exchange between the company president and other department heads regarding a new Management Cost and Control System (Kerzner, 2009). This paper will give a synopsis of the case, analyze the case study communications issues and risks, and evaluate Livingston’s selection of a project manager. It will also discuss the possible reactions from the employees, the impact on the cost and time on the project as well as which constraints ultimately compromised the success of project.Crosby Manufacturing Corporation Synopsis of the CaseThe Crosby Manufacturing Corporation case study details a discussion between the organization’s executive officers over their plans to implement a new Management Cost and Control System (MCCS) (Kerzner, 2009). The president, Wilfred Livingst on, has successfully reorganized the company into a more efficient matrix organization over the previous three years and seeks to implement the new MCCS so the company can compete on new government contracts. Crosby’s existing MCCS falls short of government reporting and auditing requirements. At the beginning of the meeting, Livingston lays out the case for the new MCCS.The Management Information System (MIS) manager initially responds with a plan to perform a feasibility study with a detailed requirements analysis. The Engineering manager responds with a schedule and proposed vendor evaluation metrics. He suggested starting software development immediately. Livingston closes the discussion by assigning a project manager from another group and, after committing his support to the project, lays out a list of project planning items he wants to see the following week (Kerzner, 2009). Due to miscommunication,  Livingston’s plans cause potential risk to the projectâ€⠄¢s success.Evaluation of Livingston’s Choice of a Project ManagerThe President of the corporation had the right to decide on a project manager by employing an individual that would off the necessary services needed by the government agency to complete the job. Mr. Livingston gave the management staff an opportunity to come up with the proper approach but they were unable to. In line with the project objectives, they will fail to come up with the right milestones, detailed schedules, and design review meetings and feedback necessary from the management staff. As the leader of an organization, you have to be able to choose individuals as leaders that will be able to perform the task efficiently and effectively with the corporation’s best interest in mind. Was his choice a mistake?Yes, I think that this was a major mistake in appointing Mr. Emary as the project manager because he had little experience in such a major task and something that the company was depending on h eavily. Though Mr. Emary was an outstanding planner and got the job done, this was not one of those times when you need someone with little experience leading such a major project and to make the statement that Mr. Emary had less knowledgeable then other on the project did not do much to console the employees of his competence on completing the task.Reaction of the Functional EmployeesThe reactions from the functional employees in response to the appointment of Emary as the project manager had to be shocking. They probably had my questions and concerns about the potential success of the project and its completion under the supervision of Emary. Even if Mr. Livingston had confidence in his abilities, that said nothing about his ability to lay out the necessary and detailed schedule needed for the project completion or even know what resources were needed to be successful.Impact of Cost and Time RestraintsThe three constraints of project management will almost always be competing with each other. If a team decides to enlarge the scope of a project, the time will become larger as well, along with the cost. If the time  constraint is tighter, the scope may be reduced, but the costs will remain high. If the team should decide to tighten the budget, the scope will become smaller but the time will increase. To become skilled in project management, the project manager and their team must be capable of dealing with these constraints in a way that will allow them to successfully complete any project that they plan. This will have an impact on the kind networking techniques used and project schedules. Changes in projected costs to actual costs will in most instances stretch the length of time it takes to complete projects and at the same time determine the kinds of techniques to be employed.Constraints that could Compromise Project SuccessAlthough there are many project constraints, these should not be barriers for successful project execution and for the effective dec ision-making. The main three interdependent constraints for every project are time, cost, and scope. Quality is not a part of the project management triangle, but it is the ultimate objective of every delivery. Hence, the project management triangle represents implies quality. Many project managers are under the notion that ‘high quality comes with high cost', which to some extent is true. By using low quality resources to accomplish project deadlines does not ensure success of the overall project.So like with the scope, quality will also be an important deliverable for the project. The important aspect is to deal with it. The project manager needs to strike a balance between the three constraints so that quality of the project will not be compromised. To overcome the constraints, the project managers have several methods to keep the project going. Some of these will be based on preventing stakeholders from changing the scope and maintaining limits on both financial and human resources. A project manager's role is evolved around responsibility. A project manager needs to supervise and control the project from the beginning to the closure. Understanding that it is always a requirement to overcome the challenges related to the project and if you do so, those constraints will not ultimately compromise its success.

Gender Disparity essays

Gender Disparity essays Gender Disparity: Whats the Big Deal? In 1999, speculation over political futures of Clinton and Dole came into focus. Not Bill and Bob, but Hillary and Elizabeth. With Mrs. Clinton a leading candidate for the New York Senate seat (having since attained that position) and observations that Mrs. Dole was a promising choice for the Republican presidential candidacy, gender disparity would seem no longer a Big Deal. More recently, Nancy Pelosi won the race for the No 2 House Democratic leader and will become the top-ranking woman ever in Congress. One of the first issues spoken about upon her victory was the fact that she sought no votes on the basis of her gender. She acknowledged that this is a difficult turf to win on for anyone, but for a woman breaking ground here it was a tough battle and history has been made. Despite the fact that women are now seen as desirable candidates for the nations most prestigious jobs, women still have a long way to go before their power, political and otherwise, can be considered e qual to men. Although gender disparity can been seen in areas outside the workforce such as intercollegiate scholarships, health insurance, and education and medical treatment, I have chosen to focus on the workforce. A news article dated March 26, 2001 quotes a national union leader as saying women earn 28 percent less than men in comparable jobs. Linda Chavez Thompson, executive vice president of the AFL-CIO said women work for free one week every month, and a 25 year-old female will earn $500,000 less than a man in a lifetime because of the wage gap on the national scene. Alicia Smalley, lobbyist for the National Association of Social Workers, said that females comprise 80 percent of her states social workers. Although this group had a 24 percent turnover rate, the governor did not recommend social workers receive a pay increase as he did for male dominated occ...

To What Extent is it appropriate or indeed possible to adopt a Dissertation

To What Extent is it appropriate or indeed possible to adopt a communicative language eaching approach in your current teaching - Dissertation Example to adopt a Communicative Language Teaching approach 1. Introduction The Japanese are well known for their poor achievement in English language education, especially in terms of oral proficiency. Even after six years of learning English as a compulsory subject at secondary school, few Japanese people can successfully communicate in English. However, English has now become an essential language for global communication. With this need in mind, the subject ‘Oral Communication’ began to be offered in 2003 in Japanese schools in combination with an implementation of the ‘New Course of Study’. This innovative new curriculum emphasises the application of the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology in the classroom in Japan in order to improve the communicative abilities of Japanese learners of English. However, most Japanese teachers of English (JTE) claim that they face some difficulties in implementing the CLT methodology into their current teaching env ironment. They attribute the difficulties mainly to external factors, such as large-class sizes, an over emphasis on college entrance examinations, and Japanese students’ passive attitude towards CLT. Studies (e.g. Li, 2001; Leng, 1997; Ellis 1996) show the difficulty of implementing CLT in non-Western countries, as in China, Korea, and Vietnam from the perspective of ‘cultural appropriateness’ in their teaching context. In Japan also, CLT is difficult to apply in the real classroom in the context of teaching EFL (English as a Foreign Language). Stern (1992) points out that one of the most difficult of problems in making classroom teaching communicative based is the absence of native speakers. However, by utilising Assistant Language Teachers (ALT) allocated in every Prefecture in Japan together with the JET Program (the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program), a successful CLT class can be established in a Japanese high school teaching environment, especially in an ‘Oral Communication’ English class through team-teaching conducted by JTE and ALT. This study will discuss the current teaching environment in Japanese high schools and will try to identify possible ways by which a CLT approach can be successfully adopted. The sociocultural, educational, and student and teacher related factors will be considered for suggesting a ‘culturally appropriate’ CLT approach appropriate for the Japanese secondary education environment. 2. CLT: Definition and its theoretical background The Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology regards language as a means of communication and aims to develop ‘communicative competence’ in the language learners (Hymes 1971, 1972; Canale & Swain, 1980). The theory of language as a tool for communication is therefore central to the concept of CLT and the goal is also clear. As stated by Larsen-Freeman (1986), all the tasks that are undertaken during CLT have a ‘communicativ e intent’. The purpose is to enhance authentic and meaningful communication by providing comprehensive input and by using authentic language learning material (Kern & Warschauer,

INTRO INTO LAW ENFORCEMENT UNIT 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INTRO INTO LAW ENFORCEMENT UNIT 3 - Assignment Example Finally it aims at preparing some senior officers for greater roles in their service to the nation (Kratcoski, P. C., & Das, D. K. 2007). The program has a total of four progressive phases which should take a total of seventy days as well as the Daily Observation Reports (D.O.R) which requires a total of fifty five days. The base model for the program was modeled after San Jose FTEP and it is important to establish the fact that the program may vary from one department to another depending on the nature of work and geographical location. Phase I is made which is regarded as the limbo time, takes a total of five working days and is meant to allow the trainer to familiarize him/herself with the trainer. Phase II is for the trainee to be evaluated by the senior Field Training Officer, it takes a total of five working days. Phase III is known as shadow time and also makes a total of five days. Phase IV which is further subdivided into three smaller segment, is made up of seven working days of which five days need one to have completed DOR. Phase V which forms the final phase forms the balance of the 365 day of the entire probation period. Field training program is a basic requirement by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies for all organizations that are considering to be accredited. The program is of great advantage in the sense that it offers a means through non-performing officers can be identified and relieved off their duties. It further minimizes civil litigation which relates to non-criminal offences. Analyzing the jobs of the policing officers is not an easy task in the sense that it is difficult to understand the relationship between the officers and the community hence feedback from the community cannot be used as an accurate measure of the effectiveness of the program. The program may affect affirmative actions efforts since it considers the performance of the Field Training

Evaluation Review Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation Review Paper - Essay Example My personality has also changed as I was much introvert and isolated, but when I was required to deal with many people on daily basis, I attained confidence and way of interacting successfully with people. If I check the role of journaling in my progress professionally as well as personally, I consider it quite beneficial. I was to input my experiences and my feelings regarding my work and these narratives helped me to analyze my performance at work and to bring in improvements. Sometimes, I felt weird while dealing with my clients because I was not able to meet their demands, but later on, I learned to control my behavior and temper in order to facilitate them with what they wanted. When I started working in WHW, I had a different personality. As I have mentioned earlier on, I was very shy, introvert and confused, but after learning to work in an organizational setting, I saw improvement in my professional as well as personal personality. I am quite different from what I was before. When I used to see clothes and show the clients, what they needed as a personal shopper, I felt quite weird and confused and I easily lost my temper. However, with the passage of time and learning, I was much better in dealing with the clients without losing my temper. I spent hours and hours with them to show them what they needed. I learned a lot to work as a personal shopper. I marveled in my work to assist people who were in need of help. However, sometimes, I was also worried and disturbed when I was overloaded with additional work. The process of field seminar was beneficial. Initially, I was afraid of having a collaborative experience and in corresponding and interacting with different people, but when I started the process of corresponding with other people, it appeared quite interesting. I used to help my companion interns and we helped each other in our

Child Labour Essay Example for Free

Child Labour Essay Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. Around the world growing gaps between rich and poor in recent decades have forced millions of young children out of school and into work. The International Labor Organization estimates that 215 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 currently work under conditions that are considered illegal, hazardous, or extremely exploitative. Underage children work at all sorts of jobs around the world, usually because they and their families are extremely poor. Large numbers of children work in commercial agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic service. Some children work in illicit activities like the drug trade and prostitution or other traumatic activities such as serving as soldiers. Some social scientists point out that some kinds of work may be completely unobjectionable — except for one thing about the work that makes it exploitative. For instance, a child who delivers newspapers before school might actually benefit from learning how to work, gaining responsibility, and a bit of money. But what if the child is not paid? Then he or she is being exploited. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between acceptable and unacceptable work. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. Other social scientists have slightly different ways of drawing the line between cceptable and unacceptable work. In 2000, the ILO estimates, 246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labour, of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous to their safety, physical or mental health, and moral development. Moreover, some 8. 4 million children were engaged in so-called unconditional worst forms of child labour, which include forced and bonded labour, the use of children in armed confl ict, trafficking in children and commercial sexual exploitation.

Benefits of Evidence Based Healthcare Practice

Benefits of Evidence Based Healthcare Practice Evidence based practice refers to clinical practices that include best available scientific evidence (Levin and Feldman, 2006) based from expert opinion, clinical guidelines and findings from researches, combined with good clinician judgement and client’s preferences (Kim and Mallory, 2011) on issues relating to healthcare. The whole essence is to ensure the best care for patients and to be able to explain why certain clinical interventions are applied. This piece of work will briefly outline the importance of evidence based practice before analysing four pieces of evidence in the care of a stroke patient, Omar Banerjee, and its usefulness other users. Oman et al (2003) states that evidence based practice started to be appreciated and recommended by the National Health Services (NHS) in the UK in the early 1990s. The reason was to have effective and less costly interventions while providing high quality healthcare system. The intervention should be based on best available evidence and provided in the best interest of the patient such as Omar in this analysis. In addition, when a particular intervention is used on a client, evidence is required to back up that particular action (Kim and Mallory, 2011). In the UK this support can come from the NICE guidelines, Care Quality Commission and the codes and practices of professional bodies like Nursing and Midwifery Council. Evidence based practice ensures accountability. Aveyard and Sharp (2013) noted that professional health carers who belong to various professional organisations are expected to comply with their standards, codes and policies. This will be enabling them to justify their actions if required to do so. The first analysis of Omar’s condition is based on Cross (2008)’s evidence on stroke care. This evidence was obtained from the UWE blackboard website. I have chosen this article because it has statistical information helpful to Omar and his carers. It identifies important areas of his care needs and why stroke research should continue to be an on-going process. Sander (2013) defined stroke as a disease caused by the disturbance of the flow of blood in blood vessels in the brain which could have been necessitated by a bursting blood vessel or blood clot. Omar’s stroke was caused by a blood clot in the brain. Stroke has become a big problem and the second main cause of death and disability in developed economies after heart related diseases (Cross, 2008). Sander (2013) emphasises out that stroke is affecting about 150, 000 people in the UK yearly. However, the article reports a decline in deaths because of improvements in stroke care, management and awareness. More resources have been put towards short to long term care of stroke patients such as admission to acute stroke units and to rehabilitation areas (Cross, 2008). The report says this evidence, among others, is being used to develop new stroke treatments and guidelines in the UK. NICE (2008) which provides tools and quick reference guide to stroke related cases could have emerged as a result of this. These developments may give hope to Omar and his distressed family. The article cited two evidence of good practice from two hospitals. It is reported that the stroke management team at Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust assess stroke patients on admission to the AE, take brain scans and admit relevant patients to a stroke unit within 24 hours. The other evidence is from Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust where patients have brain scans, swallow screens and initial dose of aspirin given to relevant patients. These practices are recommended by NICE (2008) guidelines and may reduce further risks to patients. Omar received these interventions. This shows the strength of this article to Omar’s case and how early intervention may result in positive outcome. Although the article stressed the need for nurses to continuously monitor patients during the early stages of stroke on certain variables, it did not provide guidelines to back up the checks. Locally agreed hospital policies suggested may not meet NICE standards. Despite the improvements noted in the research, caution should be taken when making decisions based on the findings. These are 2008 findings and a lot has happened since then. Omar may be interested in hearing recent studies such as that of Sander (2013) who points out that in addition to the swallow screen stroke patients should further be screened for malnutrition using Malnutrition Universal screening Tool (MUST) in line with the NICE (2008) guidelines. The second analysis of Omar’s care is based on a qualitative study of Tutton et al (2012) on ten staff and ten patients’ views on the concept of hope on a British stroke unit. The evidence was obtained from EBSCO via CINAHL database and UWE library section. I chose this evidence because CINAHL is considered as one the good sources of evidence (Levin and Feldman, 2006) and the concept may be useful to Omar to learn other patients’ experiences in a similar hospital setting. The aim and key search terms in the article relate well to Omar’s case. Hope is defined as getting better from illness and being able to do things as before (Tutton et al, 2011). This was echoed by some of the patients in the study. An in depth analysis of key terms and the codes used in qualitative study (Aveyard and Sharp, 2013) may help carers to understand how it feel to have a stroke. Omar and his family may share the same thoughts as they are finding it hard to come to terms with sudden change of things in their family. Despite taking long time on data collection and variations in stroke severity Omar may be encouraged to learn that some patients took less than a week in hospital. This result is echoed by Arnaert et al (2006) in a similar study based on ten patients in Canada. They reported that some clients were hoping for a quick recovery and self-healing. The article is good evidence as it stated what is already known about this topic and nursing implications. These aspects are echoed by Arnaert et al (2006) but Tutton et al (2011) further identify what the paper has added such as the multidisciplinary team involvement in caring for stroke patients to make hope a realistic thing. Although the article mentioned that consent was obtained from both participants, there are still some ethical issues in the article. Some of patients’ names are mentioned in the article. This is confidential information and Omar may find himself in a similar situation. Furthermore, relatives and carers of patients were not interviewed in the study. It may be necessary to hear their views as well especially after learning from Preeti how she was struggling to come to terms with Omar’s condition. Her understanding of hope would improve our knowledge on this aspect. It is generally accepted that qualitative evidence is ranked second from the bottom in the hierarch of evidence (Polit and Beck, 2012) and uses a small sample size for the purpose of in-depth analysis of topic under consideration (Aveyard and Sharp, 2013). Although a large sample size may be costly and time consuming, caution must be taken when making inferences on large population size like 150, 000 patients mentioned earlier. A third analysis of Omar’s care considers service audit and evaluation evidence from Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) (2013). It is a national audit on stroke patients admitted to hospital in the first three months of 2013. The research looks at the processes of care at early stages of stroke (72 hours) from hospital arrival. I have chosen this evidence because SSNAP is a nationally recognised organisation and works with other organisations in stroke related cases. Its recent results obtainable through Google, SSNAP Audit Report (2012) and Royal College of Physicians links have strong implications on Omar’s condition. SSNAP (2013) results show the importance of using guidelines in any intervention involving stroke cases. There is strong evidence in the article that stroke patients were immediately taken for brain scans and admitted to the stroke units, as in the case of Omar, upon arriving hospital. This is in line with NICE (2008) guidelines. Most of the trusts were able to meet this standard. However, it is worrying to learn that there is a lower chance of having scan during the weekend and night times, the time of the week when Omar experienced the stroke. NICE (2012) guidelines stipulate that people who have had TIA should have first dose aspirin upon initial assessment. Although Omar received one, the outcome in the report is not very pleasing. It is clear from the research that this standard was not met by all trust as there are huge variations. The research was only focused on 72 hours upon hospital arrival. It may benefit the public and give confidence to Omar if the care he received from the ambulance crew were up to standards. NICE (2012) guidelines require people suspected to have had stroke to be screened using a FAST tool. There are no statistics regarding this in the article as the research excluded time before hospital arrival and the rehabilitation. This information may enlighten the public the importance of early intervention in stroke care. This evidence is not peer reviewed and the way data was collected is of concern. Because the SSNAP is a single source of data nationally (Paley et al, 2013) and an online web-tool was used to gather information one may wonder whether variations in results may appear if a different organisation undertakes the same research. Caution should be applied when interpreting this data. The audit results stress the importance of early intervention by multidisciplinary stroke team in the care of stroke patients. However, there are some areas that require attention if the all standards are to be fully met. The final analysis of Omar’s care is based on quantitative study by Beavan et al (2010) on whether looped nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding improves nutritional delivery to acute stoke patients with dysphagia. The evidence was obtained from UWE blackboard website. I chose this evidence because the intervention, tube feeding, helps to resolve Omar’s swallowing difficulties and improve nutritional needs. The research helps in answering questions on whether there are other alternatives and any effects associated with the intervention. The research was necessitated by the poor nutrition on patients on admission to hospital and the dislodgement associated with adhesive nasal stickers. Findings from the research reported more benefits in using the loop system than the other method. Some of the benefits include fewer checks for NGT position, less supplementary feeds required, more volume of fluids and feeds and less dislodgement of NGTs. This is vital information to Omar as it highlights why the intervention is used. However, the costs were seen to be high for the two week period. It is important to explain to Omar that studies of this nature are useful and commonly used in clinical interventions. It is a view shared by many authors like Polit and Beck (2012) and Aveyard and Sharp (2013). They rank randomised controlled trials as second best on the hierarch of evidence after systematic reviews and meta-analysis. There are some ethical issues regarding the funding for the research. Procare Ltd supplied the loops. The researchers stressed that it was not involved in any logistics or interpretation of the results, but one may wonder why the loops were sold at a bulk price. Could this have resulted in a discount? If the answer is yes then it is likely that the costs could be higher than the reported one. In addition, the aspect of tolerability was mainly based on the views of nurses and family members. Although it is understandable that most of the patients were having communication problems, the number of patients unable to communicate is alarming to the extent that caution is required when using this evidence. The study was done some years ago and the results published in 2010. A number of changes may have happened since then. Omar will be susceptible on why using such an old piece of evidence. Recent research results may be easier to convince Omar and his family than old results. To sum up, stroke is a major disease affecting many people and causing disabilities among survivors. Any nursing intervention will require evidence to back up. Four sources of evidence have been analysed in relation to Omar, a stroke patient. The strengths and weaknesses associated with each of this evidence will enable any intervention in Omar’s care to be made in rationale way and to his best interest. WORDS: 2 089 Reference Aveyard, H. and Sharp, P. (2013) A Beginner’s Guide to Evidence-Based Practice in Health and Social Care, 2nd ed. Berkshire: Open University Press. Kim, M. and Mallory, C. (2011) Statistics for Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing, Burlington: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Oman, K.S., Krugman, M.E. and Fink, R. M. (2003) Nursing Research Secrets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hanley and Belfus. Pilot, D. F. and Beck, C.T. (2012) Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Levin, R. F. and Feldman, H. R. (2006) Teaching Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: A Guide for Academic and Clinical Settings, New York: Springer Publishing Company. Arnaert, A., Filteau, N. and Sourial, R. (2006) Stroke Patients in the Acute Care Phase: Role of Hope in Self-healing [online]. 20 (3), pp137-146. [Accessed 14 November 2013] Beavan, J., Conroy, S.P., Harwood, R., Gladman, J.R.F., Leonardi-Bee, J., Sach, T., Bowling, T., Sunman, W. and Gaynor, C. (2010) Does looped nasogastric tube feeding improve nutritional delivery for patients with dysphagia after acute stroke? A randomised controlled trial. Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3425495-dt-content-rid-4569416_2/courses/UZWSN3-15-1_13oct_gl_feb14_1/Tube%20feeding%20after%20stroke%20RCT.pdf [Accessed on 19 November 2013] Cross, S. (2008) Stroke care: a nursing perspective. Nursing Standard. 22 (23), pp 47-56. Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-3473085-dt-content-rid-4709333_2/xid-4709333-2 [Accessed on 29 October 2013] National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2008) Audit support (NICE clinical guideline 68 – Stroke) Available from: https://blackboard.uwe.ac.uk/bbcwebdav/pid-3461610-dt-content-rid-4659555_2/xid-4659555_2 [Accessed 12 November 2013] NICE (2008) Understanding NICE guidance: Early assessment and treatment of people who have had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) Available from: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg68publicinfo.pdf [Accessed on 01 December 2013] Paley, L., Campbell, J., Hoffman, A. and Rudd, (2013) Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP): Clinical audit first pilot public report, National results. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_pilot_national_report_january_-_march_2013_admissions_with_appendices_.pdf [Accessed on 11 December 2013] Pale, L., Campbell, J., Hoffman, A. and Rudd, (2013) Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP): Clinical audit first pilot public report, National results. Available from: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_pilot_national_report_january_-_march_2013_admissions_with_appendices_.pdf [Accessed on 11 December 2013] Sander, R. (2013) Prevention and treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People [online]. 25 (8), pp 34-38. [Accessed on 4 December 2013]. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP) (2012) Acute organisational audit report: Public Report for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Available from: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ssnap_acute_organisational_audit_-_public_report_2012_0.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2013] Tutton, E., Seers, K., Langstaff, D. and Westwood, M. (2011) Staff and patient views of the concept of hope on a stroke unit: a qualitative study [online]. 68 (9), pp 2061-2069. [Accessed 14 November 2013] 1